Term
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Definition
| The physical location of a gene on a chromosome |
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Term
| What type of chromosomes carry the same genes at the same loci? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces alternate versions of the gene called alleles? |
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Definition
| The variation in nucleotide sequences at the same gene locus on two homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
| An organism is said to be homozygous at a gene locus if |
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Definition
| both homologous chromosomes in an organism have the same allele at a given gene locus. |
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Term
| Why is it 50/50 that a baby with be a boy or girl? |
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Definition
| do XX and XY punnett square and you get two XX which are girls and two XY which are boys, the Y cancels out the X |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What type of organism have two alleles of each gene? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
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Term
| INcomplete dominance is when |
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Definition
| the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes i.e. when a homozygous recessive (white) (R'R') and a homozygous dominant (red) (RR) snapdragons are bred they breed a snapdragon that is homozygous (pink) (RR') |
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Term
| The pink snapdragons are considered to be |
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Definition
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Term
| INcompletely dominant alleles are given one upper case letter and one upper case letter with a ' after it. One example is |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the incomplete dominant flower pink and not red? i.e. why does incomplete dominance happen? |
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Definition
| the R in snapdragons produces a vivid red pigment and the R' snapdragons produces no pigment at all so the red is washed out a little creating pink. |
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Term
| Though an individual can only have two different alleles a |
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Definition
| species can have multiple alleles of many of its genes |
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Term
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Definition
| When heterozygotes express phenotypes of both of the homozygotes (often found in blood i.e. AB blood type, the A and B are co-dominant to one another.) |
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Term
| genetic disorders caused by recessive alleles |
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Definition
| albinism (defect in melanin production), sickle cell anemia (defective allele for hemoglobin synthesis), and cystic fibrosis (two defective alleles which result in no chloride pumps and will develop the disease) |
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Term
| Disorders caused by dominant alleles |
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Definition
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Term
| Disorders that are Sex-linked |
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Definition
| color blindness, hemophilia, |
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Term
| Gametes that have too many or too few chromosomes result from errors in meiosis called |
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Definition
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Term
| Nondisjunction can affect |
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Definition
| the number of either sex chromosomes or autosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa |
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Term
| 20-50% of all miscarriages are caused by |
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Definition
| embryos that arise from the fusion of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers...but some of these abnormal embryos are not miscarried |
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Term
| down syndrome is caused by |
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Definition
| nondisjunction (abnormal number of sex chromosomes) |
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Term
| what is independent assortment? |
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Definition
| the random arrangement and separation of chromosomes during meiosis, giving all possible combinations in equal frequency. This process explains the random distribution in the gametes of genes or homologous chromosomes |
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Term
| The alleles for the gene that determines blood type in humans are found at __________. |
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Definition
| the same locus on homologous chromosomes |
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Term
| HUmans have 35,000 genes. How many alleles of each of these genes are present in your muscle cells, disregarding genes on the X and Y chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| variations of the same gene |
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Term
| If an organism has only 3 chromosomes how many are autosomes? |
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Definition
| 2. There can only be one pair of sex chromosomes therefore the other two chromosomes are autosomes |
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Term
| A single gene capable of influencing multiple phenotypes within a single organism is said to be __________. |
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Definition
| pleiotropic for that gene |
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Term
| two or more genes contribute to a single phenotype |
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Definition
| polygenic inheritance. ex. human height, weight, eye color and skin color |
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Term
| single gene has multiple phenotypic effects |
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Definition
| pleiotropy. ex. SRY gene (sex-determining region of the y chromosome) |
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Term
| SRY gene is pleiotropic because |
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Definition
| it causes sex organs to develop into testes, those testes produce sex hormones that create internal and external male reproductive structures (one gene creates multiple phenotypic results) |
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Term
| Sometimes chromosomes will exchange a chain of DNA at a crossing over event at a site called a |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendel's law of independent assortment does not hold in the situation where |
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Definition
| the genes are on the same chromosome |
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Term
| Hemophilia is inherited from |
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Definition
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Term
| Nondisjunction in Father results in 4 different types of defective sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| The defective sperms in males breed with normal sex chromosomes in eggs (X) and create |
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Definition
X0 - female with turner syndrome
XXX - female with trisomy X
XYY - XYY male
XXY - male with Klinefelter Syndrome |
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Term
| Nondisjunction in Mother - sex chromosomes of defective egg are |
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Definition
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Term
Sex defective eggs breed with normal sperm
X
Y
X
Y |
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Definition
X0- female turner syndrome
Y0 - dies as embryo
XXX- Female with trisomy X
XXy- Male Klinefelter syndrome |
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Term
| Down syndrome is caused by |
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Definition
| an abnormality in the number of autosomes. The chromosome 21 is inherited twice in the child thus resulting in Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome |
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Term
| Mendel's experiments with dihybrid crosses led to the development of the law of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypes in a cross of individuals that differ in two traits |
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Term
| Sex-linked disorders such as color blindness and hemophilia are |
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Definition
| caused by genes on the X chromosome |
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Term
| A key tool in genetic engineering is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains genes or portions f genes from different organisms, often from different species, including animals and plants |
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Term
| Transgenic or GMO (genetically modified organisms) are plants and animals that express |
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Definition
| DNA that has been modified or came from a different species |
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Term
| How does DNA recombination occur naturally? |
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Definition
| Sexual reproduction, bacterial transformation, and viral transfer of DNA |
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Term
| How are several copies of a gene made? |
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Definition
1. Using plasmids and bacteria
2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Term
| Transformation enable bacteria to |
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Definition
| pick up DNA from the environment but it can also occur when bacteria pick up tiny circular DNA molecules called plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
| do not carry genes required for normal bacterial growth and survival, but may carry genes that assist in growth and survival in some environments (antibiotics), and are central to modern day biotechnology |
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Term
| Surveyor William Smith (1769-1839) discovered that |
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Definition
| Some fossils were always found on the same layers of rocks..i.e. certain species from certain time periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) AS A WAY TO EXPLAIN THE FOSSILS FROM different time periods away. He stated that All the catastrophies the Earth has seen created the different layers of rock and those are just the species that died from the catastophies. Al species were still created at the same time according to him. |
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Term
| Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) |
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Definition
| came up with the theory that after each catastrophe a new set of species arose...still incorrect |
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Term
| Georges Louis LeClerc (1707-1788) aka Comte de Buffon |
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Definition
| Thought that God made a set of species initially but that time and nature conceived more and various species |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory formulated by Jaems Hutton and Charles Lyell that layers of rock are evidence of the same thing happening voer and over agian as time goes on...THE Earth is old. |
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Term
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Definition
| theorized that organisms evolved through the inheritance of acquired characteristics...not correct but a great influence to those who discovered evolution |
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Term
| NAtural Selection is based on four different observations |
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Definition
1. A population of a species has potential to grow rapidly
2. But the number of individuals in a species generally stays constant over time...i.e. young are dying often, there is competition for life.
3. There are differences among individuals in a species...the strong survive..i.e. get the better traits (natural selection)
4. These good traits are passed on and on until finally they are part of the species as a whole....Evolution by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of different species (bird, mammals, etc) are so similar it is clear they came from the same ancestor a long time ago. In birds and mammals on land and in the sea they have the same basic bone structure even though they are used in very different ways |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages on the body of a given species that have no function whatsoever eVOLUTION! (Our appendix/tonsils) However they may be homologous structures to other species |
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Term
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Definition
| Similarities in species that did not come from the same ancestors; these nonhomologous structures serve the same purpose and look the same. |
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Term
| These non-homologous structures are called |
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Definition
| analogous structures: outwardly similar but inwardly very different (exact opposite of homologous structures) |
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Term
| Many embryos start off with |
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Definition
| appendages their body will get rid of before birth (we had a tail in the womb) this is evidence of common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| evidence that evolution is correct. we created the traits we want in domesticated animals by artificially selecting what we want |
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Term
| Evidence of evolution through biochemistry and molecular biology |
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Definition
1. DNA is universal genetic code
2. All life forms use approximately the same 20 amino acids to make protein
3. All use ATP as the primary form of cellular energy
4. All use RNA and ribosomes to make protein |
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Term
| Transformation with plasmid involves: |
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Definition
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Term
| Transformation with DNA fragment: |
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Definition
1. involves free DNA
2. Requires integration into host genome
3. Transfers part of host chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
1. Requires integration into host genome
2. Occurs in organisms other than bacteria
3. Transfers part of host chromosome |
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Term
| Transformation can occur with free DNA; this can be either _______ or _____ |
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Definition
1. plasmids
2. DNA fragments in the environment |
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Term
| Viruses can also be involved in |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasmids do not need to be incorporated into the host genome because |
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Definition
| they can replicate on their own |
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Term
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Definition
| the full DNA sequence of an organism |
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Term
| DNA fragment must incorporated into host genome in order to have |
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Definition
| stable genetic recombination |
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Term
| this process involves the movement of plasmids from one bacterium to another |
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Definition
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Term
| where does DNA recombination occur naturally? |
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Definition
Sexual reproduction
Bacterial transformation
Viral transfer of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| amplify DNA, or create more of it |
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Term
| Kary Mullis in the 90's discovered |
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Definition
| she could use PCR to replicate DNA |
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Term
| PCR has 4 steps that are repeated over and over until the desired amount of DNA has been replicated |
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Definition
1. Heat is applied to test tube containing DNA - DNA is in single strands now
2. Temp lowered 50 degrees to about 40-45 degrees - two primers form comp. base strands of the DNA
3. temp raised to 70-72 : primers tell DNA polymerase to use free nuleotides to make copies of the DNA segment
4. the cycle is repeated as many times as possible |
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Term
20 PCR cycle make ____ copies
30 PCR cycles make ___ copies |
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Definition
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Term
| Each PCr cycle _____ the number of DNA copies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| means of separated pieces of DNA according to size |
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Term
| steps of gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
1. DNA pieces are put into shallow grooves in a gel
2. two electrodes (one positive one neg) are placed into gel so electrodes y flow through the gel.
3. The negativley charged phosphat groups flow towards the positivley charged electrode when the electrical current flows through the gel
4. Small pieces of DNA can slip through holes in gel thus moving faster towards the positively charged electrode.
5. distinct bands are formed in the gel and a stain shows the separation of DNA pieces
6. the peices are put onto a peice of nylon paper which is
7. then bathed in a solutionthat contains a specific DNA prode that will only match to the specific STR's making them visible |
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Term
__% of corn
__% of cotton
__% of soybean
are genetically modified |
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Definition
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Term
| crops are most commonly modified to: |
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Definition
1. resist insects
2. improve disease |
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Term
| you use the bacterium called ______ to help plants resist insects |
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Definition
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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Term
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains a plasmid called ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| When Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects a plant cell its: |
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Definition
| DNA containing Bt gene and Ti plasmid are cut by the sam restriction enzyme then sealed together b DNA ligase. These Ti/Bt gene plasmids are then inserted into a bacteria cell where they are replicated. Bransgenic bacteria infects plant cell and plasmids insert part of their DNA (containing Bt gene) into the plant's chromosome. Every time it reproduces the Bt gene is present |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction fragment length polymorphisms |
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Term
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Definition
| different sizes of restriction fragments from two DNA molecules that are produced by a restriction enzyme |
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Term
| antibiotic resistance can be passed on from generation to generation by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a rapid way to determine DNA sequences in individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that cleave through a DNA helix wherever they encounter a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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Term
| where did people used to think life first came from? |
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Definition
| spontaneous generation...but it must have at first |
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Term
| Early earth did not have ___ but did have the other gasses ___ ___ ___ ____ |
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Definition
Oxygen
methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor (among others) |
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Term
| The gases of early earth yielded incredible ______ storms. |
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Definition
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Term
| MIller and Urey created a model tat simulated __________. The models produced _____ after just a few days. |
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Definition
Early Earth's atmosphere
organic molecules |
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Term
| accumulation of living things: |
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Definition
1. accumulation of organic molecules
2. catalyze reactions (Ribozymes)
3. Reproduce from stored genetic info (RNA only world which slowly evolved into DNA)
4. Separate the living thing from the out side environment |
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Term
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Definition
RNA store info
Ribozymes catalyze rxns |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that can catalyze reactions, especially those involved in synthesis and processing of RNA itself |
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Term
| when proteins and lipids ate washed ashore or against something they create hollow structures called |
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Definition
| (membrane like) microspheres |
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Term
| microspheres are the basis for one theory of the origin of life: |
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Definition
| water, elements, and energy mixed with prebiotic soup yield microspheres. The microspheres, who are very similar to cells in that they have a membrane, may have surrounded more complex cells like ribozymes, RNA lipids proteins etc. These may have evolved into first prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, sugars |
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Term
| Oldest fossil organisms found |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Anerobic prokaryotes obtained nutrients and energy by absorbing ______ from their environment |
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Definition
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Term
photosynthetic bacteria arose _____ years ago, creating ___ in the atmosphere through photosythesis.
Then __________evolves. First eukaryote ___ billion years ago |
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Definition
3.5 billion
oxygen (2.2 BYA)
aerobic metabolism
1.7 |
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Term
| ___ were the first sing of photosynthetic life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic predatory cells would engulf aerobic bacterium. Over time the aerobic bacterium would evolve into mitochondria. Mitochondria-containing cell engulfs photosynthetic bacterium and through generations they become chloroplasts. This led to photosynthesis and so on.. |
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Term
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Definition
1. similarities between bacteria and eukarote cells
2. Chloroplasts and mitochordria both contain their own DNA which could be left fromthe intital bacteria
3. modern cells like the Pelomyxa palustri (or green algea Chlorella) s do not have mitochondria rater bacteria that carry out the job of a mitochondria |
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Term
| First multicellular organism came ___ years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| After multicellular organisms sprouted... |
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Definition
| plants came about, then marine animals, the the Cambrian Expolsion of a variety of animals (544 million years ago --- almost all modern forms of animals arose from that time) |
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Term
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Definition
| first land plants 400 mya, conifers/invasions of small habitats, flowering plants / pollination by several means, anthropods, lobefin fish to amphibians, amphibians to reptiles, dinosaur age / reptile and management of body temp, birds (faethers for heat and flight), mammals (hair for ehat and live births and mammary glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| primates - grasping hands, binocular and color visions with overlapping view fields. large brain/complex social system |
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Term
| primates and humans both come from ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Homonids appeared around __ to __ million years ago. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lucy s the first TRUE homonid found dated to __ years ago |
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Definition
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Term
Homo habilis ___ then
H. erectus ____
H. sapiens and H. neatdethalsis __ years ago |
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Definition
2.5 millionyeatrs ago
1.7 million years ago
150,000 |
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Term
| coal is remains of __ from the ___ era |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that stated organic matter could arise from non-organic matter, dervice by Oparin and Haldane(meat and borth experiments) |
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Term
| organism that lives in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| A sperm cell enclosed in a water tight container |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| earth is formed, first rocks, first prokaryote, eukaryote, animals, plants, first humans |
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Term
| general homonid progression |
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Definition
ustralopithecus afarensis --> h. egraster --h. sapiens
" " ----h. ecrectus |
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Term
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Definition
| h. habilis -- h. egraster -- h. neatdethalis |
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Term
| The African replacement theory |
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Definition
| states that Homo erectus spread first from Africa, and Homo sapiens spread in a similar pattern many years later. (red and blue lined map) |
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Term
| Multi regional hypothesis |
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Definition
| regional populations of Homo erectus may have simultaneously evolved into Homo sapiens. (purple ringed map) |
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Term
| No free oxygen on early earth because it was tied up in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| INdependent assortment will not hold when the genes are |
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Definition
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Term
Marfan syndrome is caused by ______
Down sydrom is caused by _____ |
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Definition
a defective allele
An abnormality in the number of autosomes (chromosome 21 is repeated) |
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Term
PCR can also help to produce _____.
And it is an ____ way to produce DNA. |
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Definition
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