Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Life's levels of organization (collective living)

Largest

↓

Smallest

BECPOOOTC

Bring

Eggs

Cracked,

Please:

Omelettes!

Omelettes!

Omelettes!

To

Chew

(Largest)

Biosphere: living & nonliving anywhere on Earth

Ecosystem: living & nonliving components in geo. area

Community: different species in geo. area (only living)

Population: group of the same species

Organism

Organ System

Organ

Tissue

Cell

(Smallest)

Classification of Life (taxonomy)

Largest

↓

Smallest

DKPCOFGS

D

K

Please

Come

Out

For

God's

Sake!

Domain: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Kingdom: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae (Eukarya)

Phylum

Class

Order

Family: 'idae' for animals, 'acae' for plants

Genus: Group of species sharing unique features

Species: Individuals that share traits & can interbreed

Atomic Number = # of Protons

Atomic Mass = # of Protons + # of Neutrons

(including average of all isotopes)

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Redox Reactions

Atom that gives up an electron = oxidation

Atom that gains an electron = reduction

• Polar covalent bond
• Many hydrogen bonds
• Excellent solvent for solutes
• High temperature stability because of hydrogen bonds
• Water molecules are very cohesive, requires a lot of energy to evaporate

The more _____ , the _____ the pH

and the more ______ the solution

The more H⁺ ions, the lower the pH

and the more acidic the solution

0 is acidic

14 is alkaline

7 is neutral

• Made in the Smooth ER
• 1:2:1 Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen
• Used as structure and for energy
• Simple carbs are monosaccharides w/Carbon backbone
• Can form a chain called Oligosaccharides via covalent bond
• Complex carbs are polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch
  • Cellulose is most abundant organic molecule in biosphere
  • Starch stores energy in plant cells (hydrophobic)

• Made in the Smooth ER
• Fatty Acids: Carbon chain w/acidic carboxyl group at one end
  • Saturated fats: single bonds, nestle tightly, solid at room temperature
  • Unsaturated fats: double bonds, not as tight, liquid at room temperature
• Phospholipids: 2 fatty acid tails with phosphate head
  • Used to make cell membranes (lipid bilayer)
  • Polar, with hydrophilic + head and hydrophobic - tails
  • Forms a wax that is the cuticle of plants
• Steroids (eg, cholesterol)
  • Lipid w/rigid Carbon backbone and no tails
  • Is in all eukaryotic cell membranes

• Made by ribosomes in the Rough ER
• Composed of one or more chains of amino acids
  • Amine group, carboxyl group, R group
  • Polypeptide bond covalently bonds the amino acids together (turns into polypeptides)
  • Joined by condensation
• Only 20 kinds of amino acids, 8 cannot be  made by human body - must be through diet
• Shape of the protein defines its function
  • Primary, linear sequence of amino acides (polypeptide chain)
  • Secondary, twists into helix, pleated sheet or coil
  • Tertiary, items fold up into a barrel or pocket
  • 4, 2 or more pockets join together (eg, hemoglobin)
  • 5, aggregate into larger structures (eg, hair)
• Heat, pH shifts and detergents can denature the protein, causing a loss of shape and function (prion)
  • Eg, Mad Cow, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Scrapie

• Chains of nucleotides (subunits of D/RNA)
  • ATP is a nucleotide, made in mitochondria
• DNA and RNA are nucleic acids made from nucleotides
• DNA's nitrogenous bases
  • C-G
    • Cytosine, Guanine
  • A-T
    • Adenine, Thymine
• RNA's nitrogenous bases
  • C-G
    • Cytosine, Guanine
  • A-U
    • Adenine, Uracil

How long ago did dinosaurs disappear?

How long ago did Mammoths and Saber Tooth Cats disappear?

Dinosaurs: 65 million years ago

Mammoths, etc: 12,900 years ago

Asteroid

We know because irridium from asteroids is found in the Black Mat layer of earth (dating from that time) and in glaciers from that time.

We also know because nano-diamonds are found in the black mat, diamonds forged under extreme pressure. Could have been from asteroid impact.

4 main parts of cell structure

and subunits

• PLASMA MEMBRANE: fluid mosaic model
• CYTOSKELETON
  • Microtubes
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Cilia & Flagella
• CYTOPLASM
• ORGANELLES
  • Nucleus: keeps DNA and controls its environment. Double membrane nuclear envelope. Has pores
  • Endomembrane System: Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Body (processes proteins, packs & ships)
    • Rough ER: studded w/ribosomes. Makes proteins
    • Smooth ER: no ribosomes, makes carbohydrates and lipids
    • Golgi Body: sorts & packages finished proteins
  • Vacuoles: collect waste and toxins
    • Pass to lysosomes for destruction
  • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that break down vacuole contents
  • Vesicles: transport to/from organelles or plasma membrane
    • Contain peroxisomes: enzymes that break down toxins
  • Mitochondria: energy center. Makes ATP. 2 membranes. Has its own DNA and divides on its own. Evolved via endosymbiotic theory (Lynne Margulius)
  • Chloroplast (plants only): Photosynthetic. Evolved via endosymbiotic theory (Lynne Margulius)
  • Centrioles: produce microtubules

1. Every living organism consists of one or more cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
3. Every living cell exists due to division of a pre-existing cell
4. Cells contain hereditary material (DNA) that is passed on during cell division

Surface to Volume Ratio

Explain it

• Micrographs: pictures
• Phase-Contrast: stained samples
• Fluorescence: laser beams
• Electron:
  • Transmission electron: shows the inside
  • Scanning electron: shows the outside

• Tight Junctions: prevent seepage
• Adhering Junctions: when stretch is needed
• Gap Junctions: tunnel through several cells

A solution that causes cell to shrink is ________

Another word for a shrunken cell is a _______ cell

A solution that causes cell to bloat is _________

Another word for a bloated cell is a ______ cell

Hypertonic solution causes cells to shrink

Shrunken cell = crenated cell

Hypotonic solution causes cells to bloat

Bloated cell = lysed cell

Passive Transport when there is no cell membrane to pass through = __________

Passive Transport when there IS a cell membrane to pass through = __________

No cell membrane = diffusion

There IS a cell membrane = osmosis

Energy in the form of ATP

(Adenosine Triphosphate)

________ is the process where a cell takes in an organism. It is a process of ________

________ is the process where a cell takes in a small group of cells. It is a process of ________

The process of getting an organism or group of cells OUT of the cell is a process of __________

Taking in an organism is Phagocytosis, a form of Endocytosis (INTO the cell)

Taking in a small group of cells is Pinocytosis, a form of Endocytosis (INTO the cell)

Getting something OUT of the cell is Exocytosis

What are we talking about?

Saccharides

Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Starch

What are we talking about?

Fatty acids

Steroids

Cholesterol

What are we talking about?

Amino Acids

Polypeptide

Hemoglobin

What are we talking about?

Nucleotides

ATP DNA RNA