Term
| how does cell reproduction contribute to repair and growth? |
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Definition
| Because all the cells of our body begin with a single fertilized egg that reproduces many times |
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Term
| distinguish between chromatids and chromatin |
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Definition
Chromatin is DNA wound around specific proteins, known as histones.
Chromatids refer to the two identical copies of a chromosome that are made during cell division, |
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Term
| how are homologous chromosomes alike? how are they different? |
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Definition
| They can carry the same genetic information, such as hair color, in the same location on the chromosome.They can also carry different genetic information. Chromosomes having the same genes at the same loci, but possibly different alleles |
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Term
| how amny sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell? |
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Definition
| There are 2 sets of chromosomes in a diploid cell. One set from mom and one set from dad |
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Term
| how does crossing over contribute to genetic variation? use the term genetic recombination in your answer |
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Definition
| is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination |
|
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Term
| describe how a plant cell produces a new cell wall during cytokinesis |
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Definition
| plant cells construct a cell plate in the middle of the cell. |
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Term
| how do cancer cells differ from normal cells? |
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Definition
| Cancer cells divide abnormally |
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Term
| what might happen if the gametes of a species had the same number of chromosomes as the species body cells? |
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Definition
| it will have more chromosomes thanthe parent |
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Term
| what happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis? |
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Definition
| the number of chromosomes in a cell has been halved. |
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Term
| contrasr the cells produced by mitosis with those produced by meiosis |
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Definition
| During meiosis I the cells contain two of each chromosome |
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Term
| what is polygenic inheritance? give 2 examples |
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Definition
| heredity of complex characters that are determined by a large number of genes, each one usually having a relatively small effect. examples: hair and eyes color |
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Term
| why are most sex linked disorder more common in males? |
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Definition
| because they are most often linked to the X chromosome. Since males inherit their Y chromosome from their father, they undoubtedly inherited their X chromosome from their mother. |
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Term
| what might have caused gregor mendel not to conclude that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next? |
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Definition
| Gregor Mendel probably did not conclude that biological inheritance is determined by generational factors, due to his findings when cross-breeding common pea plants |
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Term
| how many ressecive alleles for trait must an organism inherit in order to have that trait? |
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Definition
| an organism mustinherit two recessive alleles for a trait in order to exhibit that trait and is also called homozygous recessive.. |
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Term
| a pea plant heterozygous for height and seed color is crossed with a pea plant heterozygous for height but homozygous recessive for seed color. if 80 offspring are produced, how many are expected to be tall and have yellow seeds? |
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Definition
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Term
| the gene map of a fruit fly chromosome 2 shows the relative locations of the star eye, dumping wing, and black body genes to be 1.3, 13.0 and 48.5, respectively. between which two genes is crossing over likely to occur most frequently? |
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Definition
| in the star eye and in the dumping wing |
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Term
| explain how the bacteria in griffiths experiment were ttransformed. |
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Definition
| Griffith concluded that the type II-R had been "transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead III-S strain bacteria. |
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Term
| what causes translation to stop? |
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Definition
| The end of translation occurs when the ribosome reaches one or more STOP codons on the mRNA. |
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Term
| what is the template mechanism of dna replication? |
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Definition
| Each strand of the original double-stranded DNA molecule serves as template for the production of the complementary strand, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. |
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Term
| what is the one gene one polypetide hypothesis? |
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Definition
| genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway |
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Term
| what are 3 main parts of an rna nucleotide? |
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Definition
| They are: ribose sugar, phosphate group and one of the four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine and urical |
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Term
| if codons consisted of fewer than 3 bases, could they still code for 20 amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| what must happen to a dna molecule before rna polymerase can make rna? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the goal of the human genome project? |
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Definition
| provide a complete and accurate sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes. |
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Term
| what is down syndrome? how is it related to nonseparation of chromosomes? |
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Definition
| a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.When the chromosomes are not separated equally the gametes end up with either an extra chromatid or no chromatid. |
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Term
| how can some genetic disorders be predicted? |
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Definition
| Before a baby is born, doctors can do a karyotype. They extract some of the amniotic fluid, which contains some of the baby's DNA. Then they can "unravel" the DNA to see if there are any abnormal chromosomes. |
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Term
| when making a pedigree that shows the inheritance of a recessive allele for a trait within a family how do you know whether certain individuals who does not have the trait should be represented by a half shaded symbol have a son. what is the probability that their son has hemophilia? |
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Definition
| by examining the pattern in which the trait occurs |
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Term
| why are all xlinked alleles expressed in males, even if they are recessive? |
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Definition
| all x-linked alleles are expressed because males only have one x-chromosome, so whatever is there, dominant or recessive, is expressed. |
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Term
| in what ways did the voyage of the beagle provide charles darwin with an ideal opportunity for collecting and analyzong data? |
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Definition
| Because he filled many notebooks with observations about animals, plants and geology. He also capture 1000s species for further study |
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Term
| state a general observation that charlles darwin made about organisms and their enviroments. |
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Definition
| Darwin observed that organisms were extremely well suited for their environments |
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Term
| in artificial selection, what factor substitutes for naturally occuring selection pressures? |
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Definition
| Natural selection works in accordance with natural pressures, artificial selection is based on what humans want. |
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Term
| summarize charles darwin theory of evolution. |
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Definition
| He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. |
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Term
| why might genetic drift occur if a small number of individuals colonize a new habitat? |
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Definition
| the individuals without that new and beneficial trait will die, allowing the ones with the new trait to survive and replace the dead individuals. Collectively, the whole colony will have new trait after repeated generations. The once contemporary gene pool has now "drifted" towards an evolutionary gene pool |
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Term
| how does the work of peter and rosemary grant in the galapagos relate to the work of charles darwin? |
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Definition
| The couple spent years observing and documenting environmental conditions of Galapagos finches and how it related to beak structure. They discovered that environmental changes favored certain individuals who in turn, passed those favored traits on to their offspring. This occured more rapidly than previously supposed. |
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Term
| explain the bottleneck effect. |
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Definition
| population bottleneck occurs when the effective population size, Ne, sharply decreases to a small percentage of the original |
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Term
| distinguish between the funtions of dendrites and axons |
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Definition
| A very basic explanation would say that axons are the structures of neurons that conduct electrical impulses ("messages") away from the cell body, and that dendrites are the structures of neurons that conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body. |
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Term
| what is the funtion of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| The spinal cord is basically the "information highway of the body", messages are sent back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body. |
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Term
| what are the major regions of the brain? |
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Definition
brainstem ,diencephalon, cerebellum
and cerebrum |
|
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Term
| compare and contrast the funtions of rods and cones. |
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Definition
| Rods respond to light. Cones respond to color. |
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Term
| why is a severe injury to the brainstem usally fatal? |
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Definition
| Neurological functions located in the Because brain stem control some life support actions like include breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure and consciousness |
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Term
| describe what happens during the four stages of mitosis |
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Definition
Prophase: The genetic material in the nucleus condenses and the duplicated chromosomes become visible. The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope begins to break down, spindle fibers also start extending from both poles of the cell.
Metaphase: The duplicated chromosomes become aligned in the center of the cell, spindle fibers attach themselves to the centromere of the chromosomes.
Anaphase: The stage of mitosis in which the duplicated sets of chromosomes separate and two identical groups move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: A nuclear membrane re-forms around each new group of chromosomes. |
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Term
| how can cancer be treated at the cellular level? |
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Definition
| Each strand of the original double-stranded DNA molecule serves as template for the production of the complementary strand, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. |
|
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Term
| explain why the daughter cells produced by meiosis are genetically different from each other whereas the daughter cells produced in mitosis dont |
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Definition
| meiosis is due with genetic material fo 2 parents while mitosis is only one parent |
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Term
| assume that prophase begins with 8 chromatids in the nucleus of a cell. when telophase ends, how many chromosomes will be present in each new nucleus? explain |
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Definition
| 92 in eahc because they double |
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Term
| the stages of meiosis are classified into 2 divisions meiosis 1 and 2 compare and contrast these 2 divisions |
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Definition
| meiosis 1 makes 2 new cells and meiosis 2 makes 4 more |
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Term
| how are the blending hypothesis and the particulate hypothesis of inheritance similar? how are they different? |
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Definition
similar both have more than one allele
differnece 2 mixed alleles show |
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Term
| how do sex linked genes produce differ inheritance patterns in males and females? |
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Definition
| males have 1 x chromosome while female have 2. male have a higher probability of getting sex linked disorder |
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Term
| describe how natural selection causes the sickle cell allele to persist in some gene pools. |
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Definition
| Because it's recessive, and the heterozygote is unaffected; there is no selective pressure against the heterozygote. |
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Term
| A pea plant with yellow seeds was crossed with a plant with green seeds. The f1 generation produced plants with yellow seeds. Explain why green seeds reappeared in the f2 generation. |
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Definition
| they show yellow but are heterozygous so next generation can show |
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Term
| A cross between two organisms heterozygous for two different genes (AaBb) result in a 9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio among the offspring. Is the offspring’s genotype ratio the same. Explain. |
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Definition
| no according to the punnet square |
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Term
| Explain the difference between intermediate inheritance and codominance. |
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Definition
| In codominance, neither phenotype is recessive. Instead, the heterozygous individual expresses both phenotypes. Intermediate inheritance is when neither allele is dominant to another, but a mixture is produced in the 2 alleles present. A mixed phenotype is given that is between the two |
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Term
| What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? How does this theory explain Mendel’s results?? |
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Definition
| Theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material.It correctly explains the mechanism underlying the laws of Mendelian inheritance by identifying chromosomes with the paired factors (particles) required by Mendel's laws |
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Term
| Describe the process in which an RNA transcript is converted into a final mRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do some kind of mutations cause greater changes in protein than others? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe some causes of mutations. Use the term mutagen in your answer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Hersey Chase experiment. Why were the results important. |
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Definition
| Hershey and Chase showed that when bacteriophages, which are composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not. Although the results were not conclusive, and Hershey and Chase were cautious in their interpretation, previous, contemporaneous and subsequent discoveries all served to prove that DNA is the hereditary material. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. |
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Definition
| DNA is a double helix molecule, with a sugar phosphate backbone with phosphodiester bonds joining Phosphate groups to sugars. The two strands are in an antiparallel configuration with nitrogenous bases joined by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
| How does transcription differ from DNA replication? Describe at least four differences. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are “jumping genes” and what are they now called? How do they affect other genes? |
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Definition
| A transposable element (TE) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genome size. Transposition often results in duplication of the TE. TEs make up a large fraction of the C-value of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
| How might karyotypes be useful to doctors? |
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Definition
| Doctors can use karyotypes to determine the sex of an individual. They can also use karyotypes to determine whether an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes or noticeable chromosomal mutations, such as large deletions, additions, or translocations. |
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Term
| How can mutations to genes that play a role in regulating the cell cycle lead to cancer? |
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Definition
| Cancer is caused when these mutated genes multipy and can't stop multiplying. These wrong types of genes can all clump together and cause a tumor. It's either when a gene multiplies too fast or not enough |
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Term
| Explain why the father of a girl who is colorblind must also be colorblind. |
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Definition
| The father has to be colorblind for the daughter to be colorblind because both X chromosomes must have the colorblindness gene in females because the colorblind gene is recessive. |
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Term
| Compare the inheritance in men and women of a trait coded by a recessive allele on the Y chromosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does Huntington’s disease remain in the human population, even though it is fatal and is caused by a dominant allele? |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s Contribution to the overall theory of evolution. |
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Definition
| He held the first truly cohesive theory of evolution,in which an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms up a ladder of complexity, and a second environmental force adapted them to local environments through use and disuse of characteristics, differentiating them from other organisms |
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Term
| What might happen if a well-adapted population experienced sudden major changes in the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| For a trait that has many different alleles, would an individual in the population be more likely to have that allele if it has a low relative frequency or a high relative frequency? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the founder effect, and describe the conditions in which it arises. |
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Definition
| is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
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Term
| What was Charles Darwin’s Theory of evolution and how did he develop it? |
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Definition
| Evolution by natural selection is a process that is inferred from three facts about populations: 1) more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, 2) traits vary among individuals, leading to different rates of survival and reproduction, and 3) trait differences are heritable |
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Term
| Compare resting potential and action potential in a neuron. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the effects of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the automatic nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is memory? Describe two different types of memories. |
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Definition
Memory:our ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain
Short term:It can be thought of as the ability to remember and process information at the same time.
Long Term: storage of information over a long period of time. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a sensation and a perception? |
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Definition
| Sensations are things in our environment that are registered by the five senses. There are limits to sensations because of how humans sense things. Perception is how people interpret the sensations. Perceptions would be how one interprets music or color. |
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Term
| What is the function of each of the main regions of the brain? |
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Definition
* the brainstem:filters important and unimportant information from sensory input
* the diencephalon: filters sensory information, senses pain,regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature
* the cerebellum: balance, gait, posture
* the cerebrum: transfers information between right and left brains,regulates impulses, inhibitions, judgment |
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Term
| What are the five general categories of sensory receptors? Where are they located in the body? |
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Definition
1. Pain receptors- which detect pain. 2. Thermoreceptors- which detect temperature.3. Mechanoreceptors- which are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretching of muscles, sound, and motion.4. Chemoreceptors- which are sensitive to chemicals in the external environment.5. Photoreceptors- which are sensitive to light.
Cutaneous receptors are sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis.[1]
Muscle spindles contain mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles. |
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Term
| hemophilia is a recessive sxelinked disorder a man who does not have hemophilia and a women who is a carrier of the disorder have a son. what is the probability that their son has hemophilia? |
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Definition
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