Term
| Phylum Porifera (Sponges) |
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Definition
Aquatic; lack true tissues and organs; motile larvae and sessile adults; filter feeders; internal skeleton made up of spongin and/or spicules of calcium carbonate or silica. Examples: venus' flower basket, bath sponge, tube sponge.
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Term
| Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians) |
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Definition
Previously known as coelenterates; aquatic; mostly carnivorous; two layers of true tissues; radial symmetry; tentacles bear stinging nematocysts; many alternate between polyp and medusa body forms; gastrovascular cavity.
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Term
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Definition
Spend most of their time as polyps; colonial or solitary; life cycle typically includes a medusa generation that reproduces sexually and a polyp generation that reproduces asexually. Examples: hydra, portugese man-of-war.
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Term
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Definition
Spend most of their time as medusas; some species bypass polyp stage. Examples: lion's mane jellyfish, moon jelly, sea wasp.
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Term
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Definition
Colonial or solitary polyps; no medusa stage. Examples: reef coral, sea anemone, sea pen, sea fan.
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Term
| Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) |
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Definition
Three layers of tissues(endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm); bilateral symmetry; some cephalization; acoelomate; free-living or parasitic.
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Term
| Class Turbellaria (Turbellarians) |
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Definition
Free-living carnivores and scavengers; live in fresh water or on land; move with cilia. Example: planarians.
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Term
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Definition
Parasites; life cycle typically involves more than one host. Examples: Schistosoma, liver fluke.
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Term
| Class Cestoda (Tapeworms) |
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Definition
Internal parasites; lack digestive tract; body composed of many repeating sections (proglottids). Example: tapeworms.
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Term
| Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) |
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Definition
Digestive system has two openings- a mouth and an anus; pseudocoelomates. Examples: ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, trichinella.
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Term
| Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms) |
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Definition
Body composed of segments separated by internal partitions; digestive system has two openings; coelomate; closed circulatory system.
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Term
| Class Polychaeta (Polychaetes) |
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Definition
Live in saltwater; pair of bristly, fleshy appendages on each segment; some live in tubes. Examples: sandworm, fanworm, feather-duster worm.
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Term
| Class Oligochaeta (Oligochaetes) |
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Definition
Lack appendages; few bristles; terrestrial or fresh water. Examples: tubifex, earthworm.
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Term
| Class Hirudinea (Leeches) |
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Definition
Lack appendages; carnivorous or blood-sucking external parasites; most live in fresh water. Example: medical leech (Hirundo medicinalis).
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Term
| Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks) |
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Definition
Soft-bodied; often possess a hard, calcified shell secreted by a mantle; muscular foot; digestive system with two openings; coelomates.
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Term
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Definition
Two-part hinged shell; wedge-shaped foot; typically sessile as adults; primarily aquatic; some burrow in mud or sand. Examples: clam, oyster, scallop, mussel.
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Term
| Class Gastropoda (Gastropods) |
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Definition
Use broad muscular foot in movement; most have spiral, chambered shell; some lack shell; distinct head; some terrestrial, others aquatic; many are cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites. Examples: snail, slug, nudibranch, sea hare, sea butterfly.
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Term
| Class Cephalapoda (Cephalopods) |
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Definition
Foot is divided into tentacles; live in salt water; closed circulatory system. Examples: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish.
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Term
| Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) |
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Definition
Exoskeleton of chitin; jointed appendages; segmented body; many undergo metamorphosis during develpoment; open circulatory system; largest animal phylum.
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Term
| Subphylum Trilobita (Trilobites) |
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Definition
Two furrows running from head to tail divide body into three lobes; one pair of unspecialized appendages on each body segment; each appendage divided into two branches-a gill and a walking leg; all extinct.
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Term
| Subphylum Chelicerata (Chilicerate) |
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Definition
First pair of appendages specialized as feeding structures called chelicerae; body composed of two parts-cephalothorax and abdomen; lack antennae; most terrestrial. Examples: horseshoe crab, tick, mite, spider, scorpion.
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Term
| Subphylum Crustacea (Crustaceans) |
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Definition
Most aquatic; most live in salt water; two pairs of antennae; mouthparts called mandibles; appendages consist of two branches; many have a carapace; that covers part or all of the body. Examples: crab, crayfish, pill bug, water flea, barnacle.
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Term
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Definition
Almost all terrestrial; one pair of antennae; mandibles; unbranched appendages.
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Term
| Class Chilopoda (Centipede) |
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Definition
Long body consisting of many segments; poison claws for feeding; carnivorous.
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Term
| Class Diplopoda (Millipede) |
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Definition
Long body consisting of many segments; two pairs of legs per segment; mostly herbivorous.
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Term
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Definition
Body divided into three parts-head, thorax, and abdomen; three pairs of legs and usually one or two pairs of wings attached to thorax; some undergo complete metamorphosis. Examples: termite, ant, beetle, dragonfly, fly, moth, grasshopper.
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Term
| Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) |
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Definition
Live in salt water; larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults have radial symmetry; endoskeleton; tube feet; water vascular system used in respiration, excretion, feeding, and locomotion; deuterostomes.
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Term
| Class Crinoidea (Crinoids) |
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Definition
Filter feeders; feathery arms; mouth and anus on upper surface of body disk; some sessile. Examples: sea lily, feather star.
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Term
| Class Asteroidea (Sea stars) |
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Definition
Star-shaped; carnivorous; bottom dwellers; mouth on lower surface. Examples: crown-of-thorns sea star, sunstar.
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Term
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Definition
small body disk; long armored arms; most only have five arms; lack an anus; most are filter feeders or detritus feeders. Examples: brittle star, basket star.
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Term
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Definition
Lack arms; body encased in rigid, boxlike covering; covered with spines; most grazing herbivores or detritus feeders. Examples: sea urchin, sand dollar, sea biscuit.
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Term
| Class Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber) |
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Definition
Cylindrical body with feeding tentacles on one end; lie on their side; mostly detritus or filter feeders; endoskeleton greatly reduced.
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Term
| Phylum Chordata (Chordates) |
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Definition
Dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail during at least part of development.
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates) |
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Definition
Live in salt water; tough outer covering; display chordate features during larval stages; many adults sessile, some free-swimming. Examples: sea squirt, sea peach, salp.
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Term
| Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) |
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Definition
Fishlike; live in salt water; filter feeders; no internal skeleton. Example: branchiostoma.
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Term
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Definition
Most posses a vertebral column (backbone) that supports and protects dorsal nerve chord; endoskeleton; distinct head with a skull and brain.
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Term
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Definition
Mostly scavengers; live in salt water; short tentacles around mouth; rasping tongue; extremely slimy; open circulatory system.
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Term
| Class Cephalaspidomorphi (Lampreys) |
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Definition
Larvae filter feeders; adults are parasites whose circular mouth is lined with rasping toothlike structures; many live in both salt water and fresh water during the course of their lives.
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Term
| class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) |
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Definition
Have jaws, fins, and endoskeleton of cartilage; most live in salt water; typically several gill slits; tough small scales with spines; ectothermic; two-chambered heart; males possess structures for internal fertilization. examples: shark, ray, skate, chimaera, sawfish.
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Term
| Class Osteichthyes (Bony fishes) |
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Definition
Bony endoskeleton; aquatic; ectothermic; well-developed respiratory system, usually involving gills; possess swim bladder; paired fins; divided into two groups-ray-finned fishes, which include lungfishes and the coelocanth. examples: salmon, perch, sturgeon, tuna, goldfish, eel.
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Term
| Class Amphibia (Amphibians) |
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Definition
Adapted primarily to life in wet places; ectothermic; most carnivorous; smooth, moist skin; typically lay eggs that develop in water; usually have gilled larvae; most have three-chambered heart; adults either aquatic or terrestrial; terrestrial forms respire using lungs, and/or lining of the mouth.
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Term
| Order Urodela (Salamanders) |
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Definition
Possess tail as adults; carnivorous; usually have four legs; usually aquatic as larvae and terrestrial as adults.
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Term
| Order Anura (Frogs and toads) |
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Definition
adults in almost all species lack tail; aquatic larvae called tadpoles; well-developed hind legs adapted for jumping.
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Term
| Order Apoda (Legless amphibians) |
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Definition
wormlike; lack legs; carnivorous; terrestrial burrowers; some undergo direct develpoment; some viviparous. Example: caecilians.
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Term
| Class Reptilia (Reptiles) |
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Definition
As a group, adapted to fully terrestrial life, some live in water; dry scale-covered skin; ectothermic; most have three-chambered hearts; internal fertilization; amniotic eggs typically laid on land; extinct forms include dinosaurs and flying reptiles.
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Term
| Order Sphenodonta (Tuataras) |
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Definition
Lack internal ears; primaritive scales; found only in New Zealand; carnivorous. one species:sphenodon punctatus.
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Term
| Order Squamata (Lizards and snakes) |
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Definition
Most carnivorous; majority terrestrial; lizards typically have legs; snakes lack legs. Examples:iguana, gecko, skink, cobra, python, boa.
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Term
| Order Crocodilia (Crocodilians) |
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Definition
Carnivorous; aquatic or semiaquatic; four-chambered heart. Examples: alligator; crocodile, caiman, gavail.
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Term
| Order Testudines (Turtles and tortoises) |
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Definition
Bony shell; ribs and vertebrae fused to upper part of shell; some terrestrial, others semiaquatic or aquatic; all lay eggs on land. Examples: snapping turtle, tortoise, hawksbill turtle, box turtle.
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Term
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Definition
Endothermic; feathered over much of body surface; scales on legs and feet; bones hollow and lightweight in flying species; four-chambered heart;well-developed lungs and air sacs for efficient air exchange. Examples: owl, eagle, duck, chicken, pigeon, penguin, sparrow, stork.
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Term
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Definition
Endothermic; subcutaneous fat; hair; most viviparous; suckle young with milk produced in mammary glands; four-chambered heart; most have four legs; use lungs for respiration.
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Term
| Order Monotremata (Monotremes) |
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Definition
Exhibit features of both mammals and reptiles; possess a cloaca; lay eggs that hatch externally; produce milk from primitive nipple-like structures. Examples: duckbill platypus, short-beaked echidna.
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Term
| Order Marsupialia (Marsupials) |
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Definition
Young develop in the female's uterus but emerge at very early state of development; development completed in mothers pouch. Examples: opossum, kangaroo, koala.
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Term
| Order Insectivora (Insectivores) |
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Definition
Have long, norrow snouts and sharp claws for digging. Examples: shrew, mole, hedgehog.
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Term
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Definition
Flying mammals, with forelimbs adapted for flight; most nocturnal; most navigate by echolocation; most species feed on insects, nectar or fruits; some species feed on blood. Examples: fruit bat, flying fox, vampire bat.
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Term
| Order primates (Primates) |
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Definition
Highly developed brain and complex social behavior; excellent binocular vision; quadrupedal or bipedal locomotion; five digits on hands and feet. Examples: lemur, monkey, chimpanzee, human.
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Term
| Order Edentata (Edentates) |
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Definition
Teeth reduced or absent; feed primarily on social insects, such as termites and ants. Examples: anteater, armadillo.
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Term
| Order Lagomorpha (Lagomorphs) |
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Definition
Small herbivores with chisel-shaped front teeth; generally adapted to running and jumping. Examples: rabbit, pika, hare.
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Term
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Definition
Mostly herbivorous but some omnivorous; sharp front teeth. Examples: rat, beaver, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, squirrel.
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Term
| Order Cetecea (Cetaceans) |
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Definition
Fully adapted to aquatic existance; feed, breed, and give birth in water; forelimbs specialized as flippers; external hindlimbs absent; many species capable of long, deep dives; some use echolocation to navigate; communicate using complex auditory signals. Examples: whale, porpoise, dolphin.
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Term
| Order Carnivora (Carnivores) |
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Definition
Mostly carnivorous; live in salt water or on land; aquatic species must return to land to breed. examples: seal, bear, raccoon, weasel, skunk.
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Term
| Order Proboscidea (Elephants) |
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Definition
Herbivorous; have trunks; largest land animal. Examples: Asian elephant, African elephant.
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Term
| Order Sirenia (Sirenians) |
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Definition
Aquatic herbivores; slow-moving; front limbs modified as flippers; hindlimbs absent; little body hair. Examples: manatee, sea cow.
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Term
| Order Perissodadactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) |
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Definition
Hoofed herbivores; odd number of digits on each foot; teeth, jaw, and digestive system adapted to plant material. examples: horse, donkey, rhinoceros, tapir.
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Term
| Order Artiodactyla (Even-toed ungulates) |
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Definition
Hoofed herbivores; hoofs derived from two digits on each foot; digestive system adapted to thoroughly process tough plant material. Examples: sheep, cow, hippopotamus, antelope, camel, giraffe, pig.
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