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| can't be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means, occupies space and has mass, composed of one kind of atom. |
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| smallest unit of an element |
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| # of protons PLUS nuetrons |
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atoms with a different # of nuetrons, mass # is affected, but atomic # stays the same
Example: Carbon has 3 isotopes |
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unstable atoms with different #'s of protons and neutrons, emit energy and electrons
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
USED FOR CAT SCANS, BINDS TO TUMORS |
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| TIME IT TAKES FOR HALF OF THE QUANITY TO DECAY INTO A DIFFERENT ELEMENT |
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| UNIONS BETWEEN ELECTRON STRUCTURES OF ATOMS |
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OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELL ; DETERMINES HOW THE ATOM WILL COMBINE W/OTHER ATOMS.
ALL BUT LAST ROW TEND TO FORM BONDS W/OTHER ATOMS |
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WHEN 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS BOND TOGETHER, MAY CONSIST OF ONE ELEMENT
H2, O2, CO2 |
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2 OR MORE ELEMENTS IN PROPORTIONS THAT NEVER VARY
EXAMPLE: WATER |
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ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE
EX: SALT -NA+ Cl- |
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ATOM OR COMPOUND THAT GAINED OR LOST ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS, HAS A + OR - CHARGE
GAINS=-
LOSS=+ |
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WHEN 2 ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS, ATOMS ATTRACT ELECTRONS, BUT NOT ENOUGH TO PULL OUT OF VALENCE SHELL
1. STRONG
2. DIRECTIONAL - ONE DIRECTION |
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ELECTRONS ARE SHARED EQUALLY
EX. H2 |
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ELECTRONS NOT SHARED EQUALLY, SOME ATOMS END UP W/A SLIGHTLY - CHARGE AND SOME END UP W/A SLIGHTLY + CHARGE.
EXAMPLE : H2O |
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WEAK CHARGE ATTRACTIONS BETWEEN POLAR MOLECULES
WEAKEST. |
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GOOD SOLVENT - DISSOLVES EASILY
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT- TEMP STABILIZING
HIGH HEAT VAPORATION-
ICE FLOATS- SOLID FORM IS LESS DENSE
HIGH COHESION- SUPPORTS DENSE OBJECTS |
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SUBSTANCE THAT RELEASES H WHEN RELEASED IN WATER; MORE H THAN OH
EX. LEMON JUICE |
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SUBSTANCE THAT COMBINES W/H IONS, LESS H THAN OH
7 IS NUETRAL |
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| STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUND |
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| CARBON BACKBONE, COVALENT BONDS |
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| SYNTHESIZING ORGANIC MOLECULES |
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MONOMER- "ONE PART"
POLYMER- MANY PARTS |
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| CARB, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACID. |
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| CHO, SIMPLE SUGAR OR A LARGER MOLECULE W/SUGAR UNITS, MOST ABUNDANT MOLECULE |
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MONOSACCARIDES-ONE SUGAR, SWEET, DISSOLVE IN H2O, GLUCOSE
DISACCHARIDES- 2 SUGARS EXAMPLE. GLU+FRU=SUCROSE,
POLYSACCHARIDE-MANY SUGARS, STARCH, GLYCOGEN, CELLUOSE, CHITIN |
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GREASY OR OILY COMPOUND, MOSTLY C AND H SHOWS LITTLE TENDENCY TO DISSOLVE IN WATER.
2X THE ENERGY AS CHO |
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| H BONDS AT ALL POSSIBLE POSITIONS, SOLID AT ROOM TEMP |
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| NOT ALL POSITIONS FILLED BY H; LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP |
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OILS, FATS, WAXES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
STEROIDS |
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| PROTEINS=3RD MOLECULE OF LIFE. |
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| ONE OR MORE CHAINS OF AMINO ACID HELD TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS |
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| SMALL MOLECULE, 20 DIFFERENT TYPES, STRUNG TOGETHER IN DIFFERENT ORDER TO FORM DIFFERENT PROTEINS |
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| AMINO ACID----->POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN--------->POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN------->PROTEIN |
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| NUCLEIC ACIDE/ NUCLEOTIDES |
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5 CARBON SUGAR(PENTOSE), PHOSPHATE GROUP, NITROGEN BASE
ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, THYMINE |
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| ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE, UNSTABLE, DELIVERS ENERGY FROM ONE REATIONS SITE TO ANOTHER REACTION SITE, "ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL" |
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| DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, HUGE # OF NUCLEOTIDES, CONTAINS THE RECIPE TO STRING AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER TO MAKE PARTICULAR PROTEINS, DOUBLE STRANDED |
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| RIBONUCLEIC ACID, SINGLE STRAND, CARRIES DNA INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE NUCLEUS TO THE CYTOPLASM WHERE PROTEINS ARE BUILT(TO RIBOSOMES ON ROUGH ER.) |
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| PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER W/PROTEINS THROUGHOUT, DEVELOPED IN 1855-1972, MOLECULE, HYDROPHILLIC HEAD, HYDROPHOBIC TAIL.SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY |
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| FLUID MOVING, MOSAIC OF FLUIDS MOVING A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
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| PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN BILAYER 3 KINDS |
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TRANSPORT PROTEINS- BIND MOLECULES ON ONE SIDE AND RELEASE ON THE OTHER
RECEPTOR PROTEINS- LATCH ONTO CERTAN MOLECULE AND PROVIDE COMMUNICATION EX. HORMONES
RECOGNITION PROTEINS= HAVE SHORT C CHAINS ATTATCHED AS ID
ACT AS SENTRIES TO IDENTIFY AS SELF OR LAUNCH ATTACK ON BACTERIA OR VIRUS. |
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| DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, ISOTONIC, HYERTONIC, HYPOTONIC |
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| NET MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW. SPONTANEOUS, RANDOM MOTION DOWN THE GRADIENT, EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED |
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| DIFFUSION OF H2O ACROSS A DIFFERENTIALLY PERMEABLE PLANE |
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| ISO- SAME, SAME SOLUTE CONCENTRATION, NO EFFECT ON CELL |
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| HYPER=MORE, GREATER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION, CELL LOSES WATER-SHRIVELS. |
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| HYPE-BELOW, LOWER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION, CELL GAINS WATER AND CELLS |
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| PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE REQUIRING NO ENERGY |
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DIFFUSION,OSMOSIS--NON POLAR AND SMALL POLOR MOLECULES
WATER, O2, CO2 |
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| TRANSPORT REQUIRING ENEGY |
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT- CARRIER PROTEINS PUMP MOLECULES ACROSS MEMBRANE AGAINST THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. LIKE A BILGE PUMP.
EX. SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP.
HIGH K+ (POTASS.) INSIDE CELL
HIGH Na+ (SODIUM) OUTSIDE CELL
1/3 BODY'S ENERGY IS SPENT ON THIS PUMP |
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VESICLE FUSES W/PLASMA MEMBRANE, SECRETES CONTENTS OUTSIDE THE CELL
EXITS THE CELL
EX. EXPORT PROTEINS |
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FORMS VESICLE TO IMPORT SUBSTANCE
ENTER THE CELL
PINOCYTOSIS |
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