Term
| Natural Selection (Darwin & Wallace) |
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Definition
| Successful traits of parents are passed onto the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| Many genes exist in 2 or more forms called ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Breeding plants and animals to desirable characteristics |
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Term
| Evidence For Evolution (5) |
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Definition
1. Fossil
2. Anatomical
3. Biogeographical
4. Biochemical
5. Embryological |
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Term
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Definition
Structures that were inherited from a common ancestor
Example: flippers on whales = arms on people and wings on birds |
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Term
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Definition
- Amino Acid Sequence
- DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Involves chance
- decreases genetic diversity in a small population |
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Term
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Definition
A large population may be severely reduced in size by a disaster
- The remaining individuals are unlikely to have genetic diversity of the original large population |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic drift in a new isolated colony |
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Term
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Definition
| The flow of genes between populations by migrating individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation alleles that do NOT help survival |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
Based on reproductive isolation:
- Populations of a species CAN interbreed or are interbreeding
- Holds well for animals but not plants or bacteria |
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Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
Based on anatomical differences between species
- Often used to identify fossil species |
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Term
| Recognition Species Concept |
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Definition
Distinct mating adaptions by species: molecular, form, behavior
Example: peacocks tail |
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Term
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Definition
Emphasizes factors that maintain the distinct form and behavior of a species
- Reproductive barriers and other adaptations
- AKA pluralistic species concept |
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Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
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Definition
Species are identified by where they live and how they behave -- not what they look like
Example: differentiated by song and habitat preference |
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Term
| Evolutionary Species Concept |
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Definition
| Emphasizes the evolutionary history of a species and the species' unique role in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Impede reproduction and fertilization of the ova between species |
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Term
| Reproductive Barriers: Pre-zygotic |
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Definition
1. Habitat Isolation (no mating): lions & tigers --> if they live far, can't mate
2. Behavioral Isolation (no mating): peacocks, birds, insects
3. Temporal Isolation (no mating): time differences (day/night)
4. Mechanical Isolation (mating attempt): parts don't fit
5. Gametic Isolation (mating attempt): sperm won't bind to egg or dies |
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Term
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Definition
| These prevent the development of a viable, fertile offspring |
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Term
| Reproductive Barriers: Post-zygotic |
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Definition
Reduced hybrid viability:
- resulting embryo will NOT develop
- mules are sterile: horse/donkey cannot reproduce --> hybrid breakdown
Plants: hybrid garden veggies
#1 strong, healthy
#2 weak |
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Term
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Definition
The origin of new species
- two types: allopatric & sympatric |
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Term
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Definition
Involves geographical isolation
- more likely if includes: different habitats, peripheral area and small population
- requires barrier |
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Term
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Definition
Populations are NOT geographically divergent but are genetically divergent
- can happen with animals
- polyploidy (extra chromosomes)
- does NOT require barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| Extra sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The identification and classification of species |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of relationships among organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| Show evolutionary relationships among different groups |
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Term
| Taxonomic Categories: Dear, Sella, Kome, Play, Chess, Over, Four, Glasses, Soup |
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Definition
Domain: eukarya
Supergroup: opisthokonta
Kingdom: anamalia
Phylum: chordata
Class: mammalia
Order: primates
Family: hominidae
Genus: homo
Species: homo sapiens |
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Term
| Proper Way To Name Species |
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Definition
1. First part of species name is called GENUS and it is always uppercase
2. Second part of species name is called SPECIFIC EPITHET and it is always lowercase
~They are always in italics or underlined
~Sometimes genus is abbreviated to one letter |
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Term
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Definition
| All species in a taxon that arose from a SINGLE ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
Has species that arose from MORE THAN ONE ancestor
Example: bryophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| When not all of ancestors descendants are included in a taxon |
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Term
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Definition
Similar characteristics in unrelated species
~arose through convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Classification based on phylogeny |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryote Differences from Eukaryotes |
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Definition
- No membrane bound organelles in prokaryotes
- No membrane bound nucleus in prokaryotes
- Different in arrangement of chromosomes
PROKARYOTES HAVE RING SHAPED
EUKARYOTES ARE LINEAR
- Difference in ribosomes as well |
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Term
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Definition
All living things were prokaryotes for the first 1.5 billion years of life
- Increasing oxygen levels led to the evolution of eukaryotic cells
- During early cambrian times, most animal phyla evolved calling this the CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION |
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Term
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Definition
Most common organism on earth
- Sticky protective coating called CAPSULE
- Most are bacteria
- 2 domains: Bacteria & Archea
~Bacteria ONLY have cell walls of peptidoglycan which consists of sugars and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria can be organized into two groups by using _____ |
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Term
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Definition
Violet stains washes out
~have an outer membrane covering cell wall
~more dangerous than gram positive because of toxins in outer membrane and are more resistant to anti-biotics |
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Term
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Definition
Violet color stays
~because of strong bond between cell wall and peptidoglycan |
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Term
| Common Shapes of Prokaryotes |
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Definition
Cocci: singular coccus, spherical shaped
Bacilli: singular bacillus, rod shaped
Spirochetes: spirilla, corkscrew shaped
Vibrio: comma shaped |
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Term
| Arrangements of Prokaryotes |
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Definition
Diplococci: cocci in pairs
Streptococci: cocci in chains
Staphylococci: cocci in clusters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Used to anchor prokaryotes to food sources and for conjunction |
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Term
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Definition
Filament shaped, used for locomotion anchored in cell wall
~not all have them
~may have 1,5, or none |
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Term
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Definition
A form of cell division ONLY by prokaryotes
-asexual reproduction
~eukaryotes have SEXUAL reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Some prokaryotes can form into very tough ________ that can allow them to withstand extreme conditions |
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Term
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Definition
1.Photoautotrophs: use light energy source and CO2 as carbon source
~eukaryotes --> plants, algae
~prokaryotes --> bacteria
2. Chemoautotrophs: use inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO2 as carbon source
~certain prokaryotes only
~no eukaryotes possible
~bottom of food chain
3. Photoheterotrophs: use light as an energy source and organic molecules as carbon source
~certain prokaryotes only
~NOT photosynthetic
~NO eukaryotes possible
~more rare
4. Chemoheterotrophs: use organic molecules as an energy and a source of carbon
~many prokaryotes
~many eukaryotes including animals, fungi, many protists and a few plants
~most common |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Facultative: will use oxygen if available but can live without it
-Obligate: cannot live at all with oxygen present |
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Term
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Definition
1.Methanogens: live in anaerobic conditions such as marshes and garbage dumps
~produce methane
2.Extreme Halophiles: live in very salty places
3.Extreme Thermophiles: live under very high temperatures
~belong to more than one kingdom |
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Term
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Definition
1.Mutualism: both symbionts benefit
2.Commensalism: one symbiont benefits, the other symbiont is neither helped nor harmed (the host)
3.Parasitism: the parasite benefits, the host is harmed
ex. pathogenic bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Certain species of bacteria can "fix" atmosphere nitrogen into a form that can be used by other organisms
Examples: viruses, viroids, prions |
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Term
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Definition
Protists include:
1.Animal like species – protozoa
2.Photosynthetic species – algae
3.Fungus like species – slime, molds and others |
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Term
| Eukaryote Differences from Prokaryotes |
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Definition
1. Mitochondria (powerhouses of eukaryote cell)
2. Chloroplasts
3. Mitosis (cell division)
4. Meiosis (produces gametes)
5. Sex
6. 9 + 2 flagella (arrangement of microtubules)
7. Cytoskeleton (made of microtubules) |
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Term
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Definition
-Named after an excavated feeding groove
-Many phagocytize their food
-Includes parasites such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia and the Euglenoids and Kinetoplastids |
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Term
| Super group ARCHAEPLASIDA |
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Definition
Include red algae, green algae, and plants
-Have plastids (organelles such as chloroplasts) with 2 envelope membranes
• Red algae – mostly red but not all
o Most are marine and multicellular
o Some can live very deep (fresh water or damp soil) but most shallow
o Absorb blue and green light and give off red light
• Green algae
o Mostly fresh water
o Very plant-like
o Single celled, colonial, and multicellular |
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Term
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Definition
Includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexans
-Have sac like membranous vesicles called alveoli
• Dinoflagellates
o 2 flagella
o A major component of phytoplankton (photosynthetic plankton)
o Toxic species like Pfiesteria cause red tides
• Ciliates
o Live in freshwater
o They have cilia, short projections used for propulsion
o They have very complex cells
• Apicomplexans
o Parasites of animals
o Includes species of Plasmodium that causes malaria |
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Term
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Definition
Includes diatoms, water molds, brown algae, and golden algae
-Have flagella hairs and plastids derived from red algae
• Diatoms
o Yellow or Brown in color
o Have glass like walls
o Common in freshwater and marine waters
• Water molds, white rusts, downy mildews
o Fungus like
o A downy mildew causes the Irish potato blight
• Brown Algae
o The largest algae
o All multicellular, mostly marine
o Includes kelp
-Many types of protists move and feed with structures called pseudopodia |
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Term
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Definition
Includes amoebas and slime molds
• Amoebas
o Mostly free living
o Some are parasitic
• Plasmodia slime molds
o Live as an amoeboid mass called plasmodium
• Cellular slime molds
o Live as single cells
o Form multicellular fruiting bodies |
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Term
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Definition
-Includes radiolarians, foraminiferans, and chlorarachniophyta
-The have thing hair like pseudopodia
• Chlorarachniophyta
o Have plastids derived from green algae
• Radiolarian
o Have glassy skeletons
o Many are planktonic
• Foraminiferans (forams)
o Have porous shells of calcium carbonate
o Constituent of sedimentary rock |
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Term
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Definition
-Includes animals, fungi, and choanoflagellates
• Choanoflagellates
o Have swimming cells possessing a single posterior flagellum |
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Term
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Definition
-Means seed born in a vessel
-The flowering plants
-> 250,000 species
• Phylum Anthophyta
o All flowering plants
o Flowering plants were divided into two classes: Monocots and Dicots, now there are more.
• Monocots: include grasses, sedges, lilies, irises, palms, orchids, and others
• Eudicots: contains most of the old dicots, this includes roses, beans, oaks, maples, asters, buttercups, and many more
• Water lilies belong in their own group
• Magnoliids
• Star anise and relatives
• Amborella trichopoda is the most “primitive” flowering plant and belongs in a group by itself |
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Term
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Definition
Means naked seeds
-There are 4 Phyla of gymnosperms
• Cycadophyta
o The cycads
o Have their naked seeds on special leaves
• Gentophyta
o Only a few species (70)
o Most closely related to flowering plants of the gymnosperms
o Ex. Welwichia
• Ginkgophyta
o The ginkos
o Only one living species Ginkgo biloba
o Many species during the time of the Dinosaurs
o Has fleshy fruit-like seeds
• Coniferophyta
o The conifers
o Cone bearing plants
o The largest group of gymnosperms ~550 living species
o Many species have needle shaped leaves with thick cuticles and stomata in pits that make them drought resistant
o They are woody plants with lignified cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Vascular plants have two conducting tissues, xylem and phloem
• Xylem: Carries water and mineral from the roots
o Made from dead cells
• Phloem: Carries sugar, amino acids, and other organic nutrients
o Formed from living tissue
-Lignin and cellulose are the materials that provide support for vascular plants
• Lignified cells produce fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| -The dominant form is the sporophyte NOT the gametophyte as in the bryophytes |
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Term
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Definition
-The spore is retained in the sporophyte and develops into the gametophyte. So the gametophyte develops inside the sporophyte
-Gametophyte very reduced in the seed plants
-Spores: single celled and very tough
-Seeds: an embryo with a food supply and a protective coat
-Do not need water to fertilize, can live in very dry conditions |
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Term
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Definition
-Produce megaspores
-Megaspores develop into the female gametophyte that contain the egg
-It is a solid structure called the nucellus |
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Term
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Definition
Produce microspores
-Microspores develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains) that contain sperm |
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Term
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Definition
-Is sporophyte tissue that covers the megasporangiaum
-The seed coat is derived from the integuments |
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Term
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Definition
-The combination of integuments, nucellus (megasporangia), and megaspore
-Once a pollen grain lands on an ovule it extends a pollen tube into the egg nucleus fertilizing it
-Seed plants are divided into 2 groups: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
-Club mosses
-Many tropical lycophytes are epiphytes
-Epiphytes grow on trees but are not parasitic |
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Term
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Definition
-Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns
• Horsetails
o The gametophytes are free living
o They contain silica – “scouring rushes”
• Whisk Ferns
o They do not have true leaves or roots
• Ferns
o The most common seedless vascular plants ~ 12,000 species
o Mostly herbaceous but there are tree ferns in the tropics
o Most have leaves called fronds
o The sporangia of most ferns are arranged into clusters called sori |
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Term
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Definition
-Evolved to live on land
-Plants utilize tough materials like cellulose and lignin to support them
-Stomata in plant leaves regulate water levels
-Leaves are covered with a waxy cuticle to control water loss |
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Term
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Definition
-Produced by the main metabolic processes of plants
-Primary plant products include amino acids, nucleic acids, and cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
-Often specialties of a certain species
-Toxins, waxes, and lignin are examples
Plants evolved multicellular reproductive organs called gametangia
• The gametangia produces the gametes, which are the reproductive cells
• Retention of the embryo: protects embryo from drying out inside female
The life cycle of plants involves alternation of generations
• One generation is the multicellular, produces gametes through mitosis, haploid (1), gametophyte
• The other generation is the multicellular, produces gametes through meiosis, diploid (2), sporophyte
Only plants and some algae have a haploid and diploid multicellular form. Animals DO NOT HAVE a multicellular haploid form
• The gametophyte and sporophyte are ALWAYS different in forms (size and shape)
The sporophyte, through the process of meiosis, produces haploid spores
The gametophyte, through the process of mitosis, produces the gametes
• The male gamete fertilizes the female gamete to form a diploid zygote |
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Term
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Definition
Gametophyte (green), Sporophyte (stalk), Sporangium (tip)
-The bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
-They have NO specialized vascular tissue, as do the other plants, this limits their size
-Antheridium: the male → gametangium: produces sperm
-Archegonium: the female → gametangium: produces eggs
-Sporangium: the structures that produce the spores
-In bryophytes (ONLY) the gametophyte is dominant
-In other plants the sporophyte is dominant |
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Term
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Definition
-Mosses
-Grow in mats in damp places
-Sphagnum moss is very abundant |
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Term
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Definition
-Liverworts
-Have loves that look like the lobes of a liver
-They can reproduce sexually and asexually |
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Term
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Definition
-Hornworts
-Have elongated horn shaped sporophytes |
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