What are the three primary germ layers? Give examples of structures which derive from each (Ex: muscles are derived from which?)

• MESODERM = skeletal, muscular, circulatory, excretory, & reproductive systems

• ECTODERM = epidermis, nervous system

• ENDODERM = lining of digestive & respiratory tact

becomes dorsal lip of blastopore

What structure is referred to as the primary inducer in the differentiation into the three primary germ layers?

dorsal lip of blastopore – primary organizer

programmed cell death – genetically controlled

Can you think of an example of apoptosis during human fetal development?

- without it, humans would have webbed feet and hands

What are the three basic types of body cavities?

pseudo, coelom, acoelomate

 What are the two basic types of symmetry?

radial, bilateral

Which animal groups (phyla) have which type?

Radial

Bilateral 

radial = freshwater, marine, sessile

- bilateral = not sponges, cinidarians, ctenophores

What are synapomorphies?

characteristics

What animal group first successfully colonized land?

Which animal group is the most successful? 

What animals are from the phylum Porifera?

sponges

How to Poriferans feed?

filter feeders – choanocytes / amoebocytes

What type of symmetry do Poriferans have?

What are choanocytes (collar cells)?

flagellated – bring oxygen & food in; eliminates wastes; & pump water

amoeboid cells?

- produce eggs & sperm; capture food

Which function in reproduction? Choanocyts or Amoeboid?

amoeboid cells

What are the functions of spicules?

protection & support

 What are the synapomorphies that unite Porifera with all other animals?

produce collagen (connective tissue) & multicellularity with division of labor

 What are synapomorphies that unite sponges?

- spicules & acquiferous system

Which animal group (common name and phylum) is noteworthy for having an

eversible proboscis?

Phylem Nemertea – Ribbon Worms

What animals are included in Cnidarians?

hydroids, jellyfish, corals, & sea anemore

How many germ layers does Cnidaria have?

2 - diplo

• Ectoderm = epidermis, cnidocytes, muscle fibers, & sensory cells

• Endoderm = gastrodermis

What is a gastrovascualr cavity?

digestion

What is the nerve system of Cnidarians like?

- muscle fibers & nerve net are connected (NERVE CELLS form NERVE NET)

What are cnidocytes and nematocysts?

• Cnidocytes = specialized stinging cells

• Nemotocysts = barbed spear, contains neurotoxin & various enzymes

Which animal phylum has cnidocytes and nematocysts?

Cnidarians

What are the functions of nematocysts? 

defense; capture prey by injecting toxins

What two body / life forms do the Cnidarians have?

• sessile polyp (asexual)

• free swimming medusa (sexual)

What are the synapomorphies that unite cnidarians?

cnidocytes, tentacles around mouth, planula larva

What are the synapomorphies for Ctenophora?

ctenes & anal pore

What is the common name for the Cteneophorans?

comb jellies

Are Annelids (earthworms, etc.) diploblastic or triploblastic?

tripoblastic

What are the synapomorphies for protostomes?

spiral & determinate cleavage, blastopore-mouth, schizocoely (Coecolmforms from meso. splits)

What two groups did the protostomes split into?

Lophotrochozoa & Ecdysozoa

What are the three major differences between Protostomes and Deuterostomes?

blastopore, coecolm, cleavage

What groups are included in the Lophotrochozoans?

worms, mollusks, leeches

What synapomorphies do the Lophotrochozoans have?

growth by adding size to skeletal elements – trochophore larva

What are the synapomorphies for Rotifers?

complete gut, pseudo, cilia, internal organs, Corona = direct food to mouth

What is the common name for the Platyhelminthes?

flatworms

What type of nervous system do the Platyhelminthes have?

ladder-like, brain-like

What excretory cells evolved in the Platyhelminthes?

branched incomplete gut

What are the three major groups of Platyhelminthes, and what are the primary characteristics of each?

• Trematoda – flukes

• Cestoda – tapeworms

• Turbellaria – free-living flateworms

Describe the life cycle of the fluke that causes schistosomiasis.

blood fluke infection, humans- snails

Describe the lifecycle of a tapeworm.

infect pig, cow, then human

What are the synapomorphies for the Platyhelminthes?

acoelomate, highly branched incomplete gut, cephalization

What group of animals do the Brachiopods most closely resemble?

bivalves

What is the synapomorphy for the Brachiopods, the lophophore, used for?

feeding / gas exchange

What are three examples of animals that belong to the Annelida?

earthworm, leeches, clamworms

What are four major characteristics of the annelids?

nephridia, segmented by septa, setae, ventral nerve cord, excretory organs

What are the three major groups of annelids?

• Polychaetes = clamworms, tubeworms, scaleworms

• Hirudinea = leeches, loss of setae

• Oligochaetes = earthworms, no eyes, setae, lack parapodice

What is Hirudin?

What produces it?

- leeches

prevents blood clots

What are the synapomorphies for Annelida?

What type of excretory structure do annelids (segmented worms) have?

nephridia

Which group contains the only flying invertebrates?

What are the three major groups within the group Mollusca?

• Bivalvia = clams, oyster, scallops, mussels

• Gastropoda = snails

• Cephalopoda =

What three major structures make the mollusk body plan?

• Visceral mass = internal organs

• Mantle = covers visceral mass & may secrete shell

• Foot = locomotion

Which invertebrates are considered to be the most intelligent?

Cephalopods

Compare cephalization in the cephalopods and bivalves

most sophisticated brain

What does torsion during the development of gastropods accomplish?

anus & gill at head end

Which gastropods have no shell?

slugs / nudibranchs

What are the synapomorphies of the Mollusks?

chambered heart / mantel

What are the two Ecdysozoans (molting animals) groups we studied in class? what are their synapamorphies and how are their exoskeletons differ?

• Arthropods = calcified exoskeleton, jointed exoskeleton, compound eyes

• Nematoda = pseudo, long muscles, cuticle

Why do animals with exoskeletons need to molt?

growth

What are the members of the group (phylum) Nematoda commonly known as?

roundworms

What accounts for the characteristic whip like movement of roundworms (Nematoda)?

- only have longitudinal muscles

How does the Ascaris (pig) roundworm infest in humans?

Is an intermediate host needed?

- eating rare & infected pork/ bear, worms-intestine

- yes; not secondary

What filarial worms which affects dogs did we talk about in class?

Which that affects humans?

What arthropod is the intermediate host?

dog heartworm

elephantiasis

mosquito

What condition does this filarial worm infection in humans cause?

elephantitus

What are the synapomorphies for Nematoda?

pseudo, long muscles, cuticle

Why are the arthropods considered the most successful of all animal phyla (groups)?

- species, diversity, distribution

Why is the segmentation in arthropods considered more advanced?

segments have specialized functions

What are three structures used for gas exchange in  arthropods?

(arachnids; crustaceans; terrestrial arthropods or insects)

• Gills = aquatic

• Tracheal System = insects

• Book Lungs = spiders

What are some functions of the jointed appendages in arthropods?

- feeding, locomotion, sperm transfer, web production

What are three extant (living) subgroups and the one extinct subgroup within the arthropods?

• Chelicerates = spiders & relatives

• Crustaceans = crabs, crayfish

• Uniramians = centipedes, millipedes, insects

• Trilobites = EXTINCT

How many species of the once common Trilobites are alive today? 

What are the six pairs of appendages found on the arachnids? 

Where are the spinneret glands housed in arachnids?

Their use?

abdomen 

capturing prey, egg cover, & escape

What groups are included in the Uniramians?

What is the common feature that unites these groups?

centipedes, millipedes, insects

uniramious (single-branched) appendages

How many pair of antenna do the insects have?

one?

What was the major key (mentioned in class) to the success of the insects?

flight

How many pair of wings do most insects have? 

From which body region are they produced?

two

- dorsal side of thorax, exoskeleton extensions

What is the difference between incomplete and complete metamorphosis.

• complete = larval stages – different appearance

• incomplete = young resembles adult – molts

Which of these are herbivores: centipedes or millipedes?

millipedes

What are common examples of crustaceans?

crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, pill bugs

Where are the gills located on the crayfish?

- located under cephalthorax

What are the deuterostome synapomorphies?

radial & indeterminate cleavage, enterocoely, blasto / anus

What are the two deuterostome phyla?

echinodermata & chordata

What animal groups are chordates? (there are three we studied)

- Urochordata – tunicates, Cephalochordata, Vertebrae

What seven animal groups are within the group vertebrata?

- Reptilia = amniotic egg

- Mammalia = fur & mammary glands

- Osteichthyes = bony fish, first with lungs

- Chondrichthyes = cartilagious fish

- Birds / Aves = feathers

- Placoderms = armored fish with jaw & bony plates

- Tetrapods Amphibia = legs

Why are hagfish not included in this group?

- EXTINCT

What are the major features of each vertebrate group?

In which group did lungs first evolve?

look up major features 

osteichthyes

What did lungs evolve from?

gills Swim bladder?

Which group first developed jaws?

placoderms

What advantages do jaws give?

- varied feeding, habits, predation

Which group gave rise to birds?

reptilia

What are the synapomorphies for the echinoderms?

- calcified plates, water vascular system, tube feet

Adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical.

So, why are the echinoderms considered bilateral?

metamorphosis

What are the synapomorphies for the chordates? (4 chordate characteristics)

Do all chordates have these characteristics?

Throughout life?

- notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal bars & slits, post- anal tail

- NO

Into what group are hagfish most correctly placed?

- Agnatha (Craniata)

The Urochordata (tunicates) only retain the gill slits and a pharynx as an adult.

Why are they considered chordates?

larva possesses other characteristics

In which group(s) do the chordate characteristics (synapomorphies) persist for the adult?

Cephalochordata

What is the functional role of the notochord?

Does it persist in the adult in all animals that have one?

- flexible rod between gut & nerve cord

- NO

What were the anterior pharyngeal arches (first pair) modified to in most vertebrates?

(what do they become in most modern vertebrates)

- gills

What is the synapomorphy for all  vertebrates?

Which is the first group to evolve paired appendages (fins)? (Be Specific!!)

Feathers are highly modified

SCALES

What vertebrate group evolved mammary glands and hair?

Mammalia

What vertebrate group is most closely related to the reptiles and birds?

- Mammalia (??)

Air sacs in birds help to reduce body weight, which is an adaptation for flight?

What are the other flight adaptations seen in birds?

large sternum for flight muscles to attach, hollow bones, no teeth, & fused vertebrae

What are the characteristics of the Monotremes?

How do we know they are an ancient lineage of mammals?

lack nipples, lay eggs, modified hair tuff

- only egg-laying mammals

How do the Marsupials care for their young before they are able to live on their own?

in pouch – mammary glands & nipples

What marsupial species is found in North America?

Which groups of animals can fly?

birds & bats

Which groups of mammals can fly?

- bats

What are the three main lineages of mammals?

To what lineage do humans belong? 

From what body layer/tissue is hair derived?

• Prosmians = lemurs & lorises

• Tarsoids = tarsiers

• Anthropoid = monkeys, apes, & humans

  Anthropoid – mammal - primates

What are the five evolutionary trends that define humans?

• greater brain size & enhanced daytime vision

• opposable thumb (can create complex tools)

• upright walking

• teeth less specialized

• speech evolution

Which one did we talk about which most significantly separates humans from other anthropoids?

speech (??)

The Tetrapods include the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

What group of fish are the most closely related to the Tetrapods (in which group did paired appendages evolve, ray-finned or lobefinned)?

Lobefinned = Osteichthyes – bony fish

What fish species is the closest living relative to extant (living) amphibians?

 - Coelacanths – Osteichthyes - Lobefinned

Are sponges (Porifera) more closely related to the Ctenophores or the Cnidarians?

Cnidarians

Why is it said that true tissues unite Cnidaria with all other animals, but not Porifera?

they lack true tissues

Why is it said that bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and three germ layers unite the protostomes and deuterostomes?