_____ can readily diffuse across a lipid bilayer.

a) Glucose

b) Oxygen

c) Carbon Dioxide

d) Sodium Ion

e) b and c

f) b and d

Specifically, osmosis is _______.

a) requires the expenditure of cellular energy

b) diffusion of water from one region to another

c) diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

d) is none of the above

Sodium ions cross a membrane through transport proteins that receive an energy boost.  This is an example of ____.

a) passive transport 

b) active transport

c) endocytosis 

d) exocytosis

e) non of the above

A red blood cell will swell and burst when placed in which of the following kinds of solution?

a) isotonic

b) hypotonic

c) hypertonic

d.) plasmolyzed

If one solution contains 10% NaCl and another contains 30% NaCl, the 30% solution is ____.

a) hypotonic

b) hypertonic

c) isotonic

d) none of these

Calcium ions cross a plasma membrane through transport proteins down the concentration gradient.  This is an example of  ____.

a) passive transport

b) active transport

c) endocytosis

d) exocytosis

e) none of the above

A red blood cell will swell and burst when placed in which of the following kinds of solution?

a) isotonic

b) hypotonic

c) hypertonic

d) plasmolyzed

Two major chemical components of the plasma membrane are _____.

a) carbohydrate and nucleic acid

b) carbohydrate and lipid

c) lipid and protein

d) protein and water

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called ____.

a) active transport

b) facilitated inhibition

c) phagocytosis

d) pinocytosis

e) simple diffusion

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient is called ____.

a) active transport

b) facilitated diffusion

c) osmosis

d) phagocytosis

e) simple diffusion

Protein can exit a cell by ____.

a) active transport

b) endocytosis

c) exocytosis

d) simple diffusion

In comparison of two solutions, the solution with the higher solute concentration is ____.

a) dynamic

b) hypertonic

c) hypotonic

d) isotonic

e) osmosis

The use of ____ proteins is invovled in facilitated diffusion.

a) osmosis

b) ribosomes

c) carrier

d) flagellum

e) phagocytosis

The engulfment of large particles is called ____.

a) osmosis

b) ribosomes

c) carrier

d) flagellum

e) phagocytosis

_______ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membarne.

a) osmosis

b) ribosomes

c) carrier

d) flagellum

e) phagocytosis

The "rough" endoplasmic reticulum is named in part because of the presence of ___.

a) osmosis

b) ribosomes

c) carrier

d) flagellum

e) phagocytosis

A human sperm cell moves by means of an organelle called a _____.

a) osmosis

b) ribosomes

c) carrier

d) flagellum

e) phagocytosis

In mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?

The important aspect of mitosis is that ___.

a) goes through the faithfull division of the cell

b) produces four daughter cells in the end

c) has eight stages

d) is invovled in the division of sex cells

e) none of the above

The important aspect of meiosis is that it ____.

a) goes through the faithfull division of the cell

b) produces two daughter cells in the end

c) has four stages

d) is invovled in the division of somatic cells

e) none of the above

Asexual reproduction of some organisms is accomplsihed by ____.

a) meiosis

b) mitosis

c) cytokinesis

d) endocytosis

e) non of the above

A photomicrograph of chromosomes arranged according to size is called ____.

a) karyotype 

b) karyosome

c) iodotype

d) autosome

e) none of the above

Crossing over ____.

a) generally results in binary fission

b) involes nucleoli

c) involves breakages and exchanges being made between duplicaed identical chromosomes

d) alters the composition of chromosomes and results in new combinations of alleles being channeled into the daughter cells

e) all of these

The production of egg cells are called ____.

a) oogenesis

b) mitosis

c) kinetogenesis

d) spermatogenesis

e) spermatosis

Sexual reproduction _____.

a) leads to uniform characteristics in a population

b) results in new combinations of genetic traits

c) produces genetic clones

d) requires less tissue differentatiation that asexual reproduction

e) produces genetic clones and requires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction

Cancer is the _____.

a) absence of mutation rates in subjects

b) degeneration of the nervous system

c) increase in the rate of blood flow

d) loss of neurotransmitter molecules

e) uncontrolled replication of cells

Benign tumors ____.

a) are confined to the lymphatic system

b) tend to metastasize

c) tend to grow and spread

d) transmit messages rapidly

e) usually pose no medical problems

Metastasis is the tendency of cells to ___.

a) attract a blood supply

b) become trapped in the lymph nodes

c) increase their use of oxygen

d) spread out

e) stop growing

Angiogenesis means that _____.

a) new blood vessels are produced

b) normal cells become tumors

c) cancerous cells divide uncontrollably

d) cancerous cells travel to other parts of body

e) non of the above

Cancer is the ____.

a) absence of mutation rates in subjects

b) degeneration of the nervous system

c) incease in the rate of blood flow

d) loss of neurotransmitter molecules

e) uncontrolled replication of cells

Somatic cells are _____.

a) haploid

b) quiescent

c) stem cells

d) non-differentiated

1.) They can reproduce by itself, doesnt need a partner

2.) Rapidly reproduction

The correct sequence of stages in mitosis is _____.

During oogenesis in humans, normally _____ are produced

Which does NOT occur in propase I of meiosis?

a) cytokinesis 

b) formation of groups of four chromatids

c) homologue pairing

d) crossing over

e) condensation of chromatin

A locus is _____.

a) a recessive gene

b) an umatched allele

c) a sex chromosome

d) the location of an allele on a chromosome

e) a dominant gene

d) the location of an allele on a chromosome

Various forms of a gene at a given locus are called ____.

a) chiasmata

b) allele

c) autosomes

d) loci

e) chromatids

b) allele

The physical appearance and physiology of an organis resulting from interactions of its genetic makeup and its environment, is its ____.

a) phenotype

b) hybrid vigor

c) dominance

d) genotype

e) heteronymn

The genetic makeup of an organis is its ____.

a) phenotype

b) genotype

c) locus

d) gamete

e) chromatids

b) genotype

If the genotype of a pea plant is AA, this means that the plant is ____.

a) homozygous dominant

b) homozygous recessive

c) heterozygous dominant 

d) heterozygous recessive

e) none of the above

a) homozygous dominant

If all offspring of a cross hae the genotype Aa, the parents of the crosses would most likely be ____.

a) AA x aa

b) Aa x Aa

c) Aa x aa

d) AA x Aa

e) None of the above

a) AA x aa

If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced?

a) all intermediate forms

b) all tall

c) all dwarf 

d) 1/2 tall, 1/2 dwarf

e) 3/4 tall, 1/4 dwarf

Diploid organisms ______.

a) have corresponding alleles on homolgous chromosomes

b) are usually the result of the fusion of two haploid gametes

c) have two sets of chromosomes

d) have pairs of homologous chromosomes

e) all of the above

Possible gamete genotypes produced by an individual of genotype PpDd are _____.

a) Pp and Dd

b) all PpDd

c) PD and pd

d) PD, Pd, pD, and pd

The results of a test cross reveal that all offspring resemble the parent being tested.  That parent necessarily is ____.

a) heterozygous

b) polygenic

c) homozygous

d) recessive

Individuals with the genotype Gg Hh Ii Jj will produce how many different kinds of gametes?

a) 2

b) 4

c) 6

d) 8

e) 16

When two plants with red flowers are crossed, the offspring always are red, but if two purple-flowered plants are crossed, sometimes some of the offspring have red flowers.  THe dominant color is ____.

a) red

b) purple

c) white

d) cannot be determined from the given information

If R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross between RR and rr will ____.

a) be homozygous

b) display the same phenotype as the RR parent

c) display the same phenotype as the rr parent

d) have the same genotype as the RR parent

e) have the same genotype as the rr parent

b) display the same phenotype as the RR parent

In incomplete dominance ____.

a) one allele is not dominant to another allele

b) the genotype can be determined by the phenotype

c) the heterozygous is somewhat intermediate to the two homozygotes

d) the intermediate phenotype may be the result of enzyme insufficiency

e) all of these

In snap dragon, the flower color has incomplete dominance.  The cross of a homozygous plant with red flowers with a homozygous plant with white flowers will produce ___.

a) all rd

b) 50% white, 50% red

c) all white 

d) None of the above

If a pure-breeding long-tail cat (LL) is crossed with a pure-breeding cat with no tail (rumpy, ll), and a cat with a short tail (stumpy) is produced, the simplet explanation is 

a) a mutation

b) an X-linked gene

c) an incompletely dominant gene

d) a lethal gene

e) chromosomal aberration

c) an incompletely dominant gene

      a   a

A   Aa  Aa

a   aa  aa

If a chid belonged to blood type O, he or she could not have been produced by which set of parents?

a) type A mother and B father

b) type A mother and type O father

c) type AB mother and type O father

d) type O mother and type O father

c) type AB mother and type O father

Susan, a mother with type B blood, has a child with type O blood.  She claims that Craig, who has type A blood, is the father.  He claims that he cannot possibly be the father.  Further blood tests ordered by the judge reveal that Craig is AA.  The judge rules that _

a) Susan is right and Craig must pay child support

b) Craig is right and doesn't have to pay child support

c) Susan cannot be the real mother of the child; there musht have been an error made at the hospital

d) it is impossible to reache a decison based on the limited data available 

e) none of these are true

b) Craig is right and doesn't have to pay child support

Coat color in one breed of mice is controlled by incompletely dominant alleles so that yellow and white are homozygous, while cream is heterozygous.  The cross of two cream individuals will produce ____.

a) all cream offspring

b) equal numbers of white and yellow mice, but not cream

c) equal numbers of white and cream mice

d) equal numbers of yellow and cream mice

e) equal numbers of white and yellow mice, with twice as many creams as the other two colors

Which of the following is not a known result of Marfan syndrome? 

a) Calcium deposits build up on the aorta

b) smooth muscle structure is disrupted in the aorta

c) the skeleton, heart, and lungs are all affected 

d) the aorta can rupture during strenuous exercise

e) the aortic connective tissue becomes too thick and rigid

The differences between normal hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin is in the ___.

a) heme portion of the molecules

b) number of chains of amino acids

c) sustitution of a specific amino acid for another specific amino acid

d) addition of one amino acid to the normal hemoglobin molecule

e) loss of only one amino acid from the noral hemoglobin molecule

c) sustitution of a specific amino acid for another specific amino acid

The total chromosome number in the somatic cells of a person with the Down syndrome is ___.

a) 44

b) 45

c) 46

d) 47

e) 48

d) 47

A colorblind man and a woman with normal vision whose father was colorblind have a son.  If only the male offspring are considered, the probability that their son is colorblind is ____.

a) 25%

b) 50%

c) 75% 

d) 100%

b) 50%

Tongue rolling is determeind by a dominant gene, T.  If you have homozygous recessive (tt), you cannot roll your tongue.  If you cannot roll your tongue, but your dad can, then your dad's genotype must be ___.

a) homozygous dominant

b) homozygous recessive

c) heterozygous 

d) homologous reversal

c) heterozygous 

A man without G6PD has children with a woan who is a carrier for the disease.  Remembering that G6PD is an

x-linked recessive disorder, 1) draw the Punnette square to show the genotypes of their children; 2) predict the probability of their children having the disease.

      X^g6     X

X   X^g6 X  XX       50% daughters carrier/50% normal

Y   X^g6Y   XY       50% son have G6PD/50% normal

genotype                        phenotype

According to Mendel, what kinds of genes "disappear" in F₁ pea plants?

a) sex-linked

b) dominant

c) recessive

d) codominant

e) lethal

c) recessive

The F₂ phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross is ___.

a) 1:1

b) 2:1

c) 9:3:3:1

d) 1:2:1

e) 3:1

Short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l).  If a short-haried animal of unknown origin is crossed with a long-haired animal and they produce one long-haired and one short-haired offspring, the results would indicate that __.

a) the short-haired animal was homozygous

b) the short-haired animalwas heterozygous

c) the long-haired animal was heterozygous

d) both the long-haired and shotr-haired animals are heterozygous

b) the short-haired animalwas heterozygous

The results of a test cross reveal that all offspring resemble the parent being tested.  that parent necessarily is ___.

a) heterozygous

b) plygenic

c) homozygous

d) recessive

e) male

If dogs, brown color (BB, Bb) is dominant to white color (bb).  Two brown dogs mated.  their offspring were five brown puppies and two white puppies.  The most probable genotypes of the two brown dogs are __.

a) BB and bb

b) BBand Bb

c) both Bb

d) Bb and bb

e) both BB

c) both Bb

If shot hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l), then what fraction of the offspring produced by a cross of Ll x ll will be homozygous dominant?

a) 1/2

b) 1/4

c) 1/3

d) none (no chance of this offspring)

e) none of these

d) none (no chance of this offspring)

The F₂ phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross invovling a gene with incompletely dominant alleles is __.

a) 1:1

b) 2:1

c) 9:3:3:1

d) 1:2:1

e) 3:1

d) 1:2:1

The control of Himalayan rabbits is controlled by __.

a) multiple alleles

b) quantitative inheritance

c) incompletely dominant genes

d) nondisjunction

e) variation in temperature, with cold temperature producing dark fur

Which one of the following may be influenced by the environment?

a) ability of plants to grow

b) shape of Daphnia heads

c) how people handle stress

d) fur color in Himalayan rabbits

e) all of these

????A bell-shaped curve of phenotypic variation is a representation of ____.

a) incomplete dominance

b) continuous variation

c) multiple alleles

d) epistasis

e) environmental effects on phenotypes

b) continuous variation

The process by which an organism has a 2n+1 chromosome is known as ____.

a) monosomy

b) heterosomy

c) diploidy

d) haploidy

e) nondisjunction

A man had three sons and one daughter before he realized that he had Huntington's Disease, which is an autosomal dominant disease.  The probability of each of his children having the disease is __.

a) 0%

b) 25%

c) 50%

d) 100%

A chromosome's gene sequence that was ABCDEFG before modification and ADEFG afterward is an example of ____.

a) inversion

b) deletion

c) duplication

d) crossing over

b) deletion

A chromosome's sequnce that was ABCDEFG before modification and ABCDCDEFG afterward is an example of ___.

a) inversion

b) deletion

c) duplication

d) crossing over

1) environmental - habitual, tb, radiation

2) conginital - conginital heart failure

3) transmital - STDs, HIV

4) inherited - G6PD, sickle cell anemia

Suppose a hemophilic male (X-linked recessive allele) and a female carrier fothe hemophillic trait have a nonhemophilic daughter with Turner syndrome.  Nondisjunction could have occured in __.

a) both parents

c) neither parents

d) the father only

e) the mother only

d) the father only

The organs affected most by cystic fibrosis are the ___.

a) brain and heart

b) heart and kidney

c) lung and pancreas

d) pancreas and small intestine

e) small intestine and stomach

c) lung and pancreas

People with albinism lack __.

a) enzyme to digest protiens

b) enzyme to metabolize galactose

c) normal shape of red blood cells 

d) pigment melanin

e) none of the above

d) pigment melanin

Select the human trait that is not polygenic __.

a) ABO blood type

b) body weight

c) skin color

d) intelligence

e) height

a) ABO blood type

One species' DNA differs from others in its ___.

a) sugars 

b) phosphates

c) base sequence 

d) none of the above

c) base sequence 

The DNA of a certain organism has guanine as 30% of its bases.  What percentage of its bases would be adenine?

a) 0%

b) 10%

c) 20%

d)30%

e) 40%

c) 20%

What was the significance of the Hershey-Chase experiments in which ³²P and ³⁵S were used?

a) The semiconservative nature of dNA replication was finally demonstrated

b) they demonstrated that harmless bacterial cells ahd become permanently transformed through a change in the bacterial hereditary system

c) They established that pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains

d) they demonstrated that radioactively labeled bacteriophages transfer their DNA but not their protein coats to their host bacteria

Nucleic Acid contains ___.

a) sulfur

b) phosphorous

c) potassium

d) iron

e) manganese

b) phosphorous

If a woman has hemophelia but her sister doesn't, the probability of her brother having hemophelia is __.

a) 100%

b) 75%

c) 50%

d) 0%

c) 50%

The portion of the DNA molecule that is translated is composed of ___.

a) introns

b) anticodons

c) exons

d) transcriptions

c) exons

RNA can manufacture DNA via the action of

a) DNA polymerase

b) RNA polymerase

c) reverse transcriptase

d) ligase

c) reverse transcriptase

Transfer RNA differs from other types of RNA because it

a) transfers genetic insructions from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm

b) specifies the amino acid sequence of a particular protein

c) carries an amino acid at one end

d) contains codons 

e) does none of these

c) carries an amino acid at one end

There are how many different kinds of amino acids in proteins?

a) 3

b) 6

c) 12

d) 20

e) 28

d) 20

The genetic code is made up of units consisting of how many nucleotides? 

a) 2

b) 3

c) 5

d) 6

e) 12

b) 3

If each nucleotide coded for a single amino acid, how many different types of amino acids could be combined to form proteins?

a) 4

b) 16

c) 20

d) 64

e) none

a) 4

The first amino acid in most proteins is ____.

a) alanine

b) isoleucine

c) glutamate

d) methionine

e) phenylalanine

d) methionine

The best adjective to describe DNA replication is ___.

a) nondisruptive

b) semiconcervative

c) progressive

d) conservative

e) lytic

b) semiconcervative

In DNA, complementary base pairing occurs between __.

a) cytosine and uracil

b) adenine and thymine

c) adenine and guanine

d) adenine and uracil

e) all of these

b) adenine and thymine

Chargaff's first rule states that ___.

a) A=T and C=G

b) the DNA molecule is helical

c) the DNA molecule contains deoxyribose

d) the proportion of adenine and guanine differs between diffeent species

e) DNA exhibits a repeating pattern every 0.34 nm

a) A=T and C=G

A nucleotide may contain a ___.

a) purine

b) pentose

c) phosphate group

d) pyrimidine

e) all of these

c) phosphate group

In the pairing of two nucleotides within the double helix __.

a) hydrogen bonds are used

b) adenine and thymine bind together

c) purines bind with pyrimidines

d) double-ring nitrogenous bases connect to single-ring bases

e) all of these

Sulfur is ____.

a) found in proteins but not nucleic acids 

b) found in bacteria

c) found in nucleic acid but not proteins

d) needed for bacteriophages to attach to bacteria

a) found in proteins but not nucleic acids 

Which statement is false?

a) Protein molecules contain no phosphorus

b) Hershey and Chase discovered that ³⁵S and not ³²P had been incorporated into the hereditary system of the bacteria

c) Bacteriophages are viruses that inject their nucleic acid genetic code into bacteria and use the bacterial genetic apparatus to make viral proteins

d) Viruses are particles of nucleic acid encased in protein

b) Hershey and Chase discovered that ³⁵S and not ³²P had been incorporated into the hereditary system of the bacteria

In a mixture of viruses labeled with radioactive sulfur and phosphorus is placed in bacterial culture __.

a) the bacteria will absorb radioactive sulfur

b) the bacteria will absorb radioactive phosphorus

c) the bacteria will absorb both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus

d) the bacteria will not absorb either sulfur or phosphorus

e) the viruses will not attach to the bacteria

b) the bacteria will absorb radioactive phosphorus

DNA contains many different genes taht are transcribed into different ____.

a) proteins

b) mRNAs only

c) mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs

d) all of are correct

b) mRNAs only

An mRNA molecule is produced during ____.

a) replication 

b) duplication

c) transcription

d) translation

c) transcription

How many different possible base sequences are there ina nucleotide chain three nucleotides in length?

a) 1

b) 3

c) 9

d) 64

e) more than 64

d) 64

Which of the following statements about human inheritance is false?

a) Females donate X chromosomes to all of their ova

b) Males donate Y chromosomes to half their sperm cells

c) Female embryos carry two X chromosomes

d) If the fertilizing sperm carries a Y chromosome, the baby will be male

e) all eggs made by a human female have two X chromosomes

Bacteriophages are _____.

a) large bacteria

b) pathogens (diseas-producing bacteria)

c) viruses

d) cellular components

c) viruses

The significance of Fred Griffith's experiment in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae is that __.

a) the semiconservative nature of DNA replication was finally demonstrated

b) it demonstrated that harmless cells had become permanently transformed through a change in the bacterial hereditary system

c) it established that pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains

d) it demonstrated that radioactively labeled bacteriophages transfer their DNA but not their protein coats to their host bacteria

b) it demonstrated that harmless cells had become permanently transformed through a change in the bacterial hereditary system