Term
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Definition
| A muscle that moves a limb away from the center of a body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which substances are taken up into, or across, tissures (e.g., from the intestinal lumen into the blood). |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter found throughout the nervous system (e.g., somatic motor neurons, preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, and postganglionic parasympathetic nerves). It is metabolized by acetycholinesterase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The large vesicle at the head of a sperm cell containing enzymes that degrade the ovum cell membrane to allow fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein found in the cytoskeleton and muscle cells; it is the principal constituent of the thin filament. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abrupt change in the membrane potential of a nerve or muscle caused by changes in membrane ionic permeability. Results in conduction of an impulse in nerves or contraction in muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| An immune response (antibody production or cellular immunity) acquired in response to exposure to an antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substrate-binding region of an enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of energy to move a sunstance across a membrane against a concentration gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| The development of characteristics that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The evolutionary process by which one species gives rise to several species, each specialized for different environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle that moves a limb toward the center of a body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pruine base present in DNA and RNA; it forms hydrogen bonds with thymine and uracil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleotide molecule consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate moieties. The outer two phosphates are bound by high-energy bonds. ATP plays a central role in energy exchange in biological systems. (Adenosine diphosphate [ADP] contains two phosphate groups and one high-energy bond). |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to fatty tissue, or fat within cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone synthesized by the adrenal medulla; it stimulates the fight-or-flight response. It is also a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates hormone production in the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological process that occurs in the presence of molecular oxygen; organisms that cannot live without molecular oxygen. |
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Term
| Afferent (sensory) neurons |
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Definition
| A neuron that picks up impulses from sensory receptors and transmits them toward the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of four embryonic membranes, it contains the growing embryo's waste products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative forms of the same gene coding for a particular trait. Alleles segregate during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic functional unit of the lung; a tiny sac specialized for passive gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks of proteins each containing an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain (or R group) attached to the alpha carbon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The innermost fluid-filled embryonic membrane; it forms a protective sac surrounding the embryos of birds, reptiles, and mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juices that hydrolyzes starch to maltose. Also known as ptyalin, dizstase, or amylopsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Te process by which complex molecules (macromolecules) are synthesized from simple ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological process that can occur without oxygen; organisms that can live without molecular oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that are similar in function but of different evolutionary origins (e.g., whale flippers and fish fins). |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of mitosis or meiosis characterized by the migration of chromatids or homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the dividing cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any male sex hormone (e.g., testosterone and dihydrotestosterone). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria or fungi (usually by disrupting cell wall assembly or by binding to ribosomes, thus inhibiting protein synthesis). |
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Term
| Antibody (Immunoglobulin) |
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Definition
| Immune or protective protein evoked by the presence of foreign substances (antigens) in the body. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen in an immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The three nucleotide sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to the mRNA codon. |
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) |
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Definition
| A hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus; it inhibits urine excretion by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The long fiber of a neuron; it conducts impulses away from the cell body toward the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A virus that invades bacteria and sometimes uses bacterial RNA and ribosomes to self-replicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution of salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder; it emulsifies large fat droplets when secreted into the small intestine via the bile duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of asexual reproduction characteristic of prokaryotes in which there is equal nuclear and cytoplasmic division. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid-filled central cavity of the blastula. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening of the archenteron to the external environment in the gastrula stage of embryonic development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The early enbryonic stage during which the embryo is a hollow filuid-filled sphere of undifferentiated cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cuplike structure of the nephron; it collects the glomerular filtrate and channels it into the proximal convoluted tubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring starts out as an outgrowth of the parent that subsequently splits off to exist as an independent organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the conducting system of the heart; it carries impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polypeptide hormone secreted by the thyroid; it causes the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bones and thus lowers their concentrations in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A firm, elastic, translucent connective tissue produced by cells called chondrocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemical breakdown of complex substances (macromolecules) to yield simpler substances and energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being altered or consumed during the reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cavity open at one end, such as the blind pouch (diverticulum) at the junction of the large and small intestines. |
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Term
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small organelle in the cytoplasm of animal cells; it organizes the spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of a chromosome at which sister chromatids are joined; it is also the point of attachment to the spindle fiber during mitosis and meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The section of the mammalian hindbrain that controls muscle coordination and eqilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer layer of the forebrain, consisting of gray matter; it is the site of higher cognitive functions in humans. Neurons of the cerebral cortex initiate voluntary muscle action and consistute the final reception area for sensory impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Site at which crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A differentiated cartilage cell that synthesizes cartilage matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each of the two chromosomal strands formed by DNA replication in the 5 phase of the cell cycle, held together by the centromere. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A filamentous body found within the nucleus of a cell, composed of DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone) and containing the cell's genetic information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral pattern based on a 24-hour cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of mitotic divisions of the zygote immediately following fertilization, resulting in progressively smaller cells with increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spherically shaped bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The coiled tube that comprises the auditory sensory organ of the inner ear. |
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Term
| Codominance (incomplete dominance) |
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Definition
| A genetic effect in which the phenotype of a hterozygote is a reflection of both alleles at a particular locus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A three-base sequence on an mRNA strand; it codes for a specific tRNA anticodon, and thus for a specific amino acid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells consisting of many nuclei housed within the same cytoplasm (i.e., skeletal muscle tissue). |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonprotein molecules required by many enzymes for activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The temporary joining of two organisms via a tube called a pilus, through which genetic material is exchanged, A form of sexual reproduction used by bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal tissue composed of cells lying in an extracellular proteinaceous network, which supports, connects, and/or surrounds the organs and structures of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which unrelated organisms living in a similar environment develop analogous structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| The thin transparent layer that covers the front of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thick bundle of nerve fibers which connects the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| The remnant of the ovarian follicle, which after ovulation continues to secrete progesterone; its degeneraton leads to menstruation. Maintains uterine lining during pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The external layer found in many organs of the body, including the brain, adrenal glands, and kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. |
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Term
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
|
Definition
| An intracellular participat in one of the mechanisms of hormonal action. Synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. It is also referred to as a "second messenger." |
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Term
|
Definition
| Iron-containing proteins that function in the electron transport chain in mitochondria, and in photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The division and distribution of parent cell cytoplasm to the two daughter cells during mitotic and meiotic cell division. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fluid and solutes within a cell membrane, external to the nucleus and cellular organelles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pyrimidine base found in nucleic acids; it hydrogen bonds with guanine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of genetic mutation in which one of the bases in the DNA template is deleted during replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of a neuron that receives stimuli and conveys them toward the cell body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The five-carbon cyclic (pentose) sugar found in DNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The layer of skin cells under the epidermis. Contains sweat glands, hair follicles, fat, and blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of relaxation of caridac muscle during which the atrioventricular valves open and the ventricles fill with blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior forebrain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized. Involves selective transcription of the genome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The flow of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration as dictated by the laws of thermodynamics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of macromolecular nutrient material via mechanical and chemical means to simple molecular building blocks; this facilitates absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having two chromosomes of each type per cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sugar composed of two monosaccharide units. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of change whereby organisms with a common ancestor evolve dissimilar structures (e.g., dolphin flippers and human arms). |
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Term
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid composed of monomers consisting of the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, a phophate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine); contains the cell's genetic information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to an allele in a diploid cell whose phenotypic effect is the same in both homozygotes and heterozygotes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Situated towards the back of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| First segment of the small intestine; the contents of the stomach and the pancreatic and bile ducts empty into it. Site of digestion and some absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost embryonic germ layer; it gives rise to the skin and nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organ, muscle, or gland used by an organism to respond to a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that transmits nervous impulses from the spinal cord to an effector. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chain of cytochromes in mitochondria that transfers electrons from NADH to oxygen with the release of energy, which is then used to synthesixe ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The early developmental stage of an organism. In humans it refers to the first two months after fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to ductless glands that produce or secrete hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innermost embryonic germ layer; it later gives rise to the linings of the alimentary canal and of the digestive and respiratory organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane-bound channels in the cytoplasm that transport proteins and lipids to various parts of the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that maintain a constant internal temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The outermost layer of the skin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The small flap of cartilage covering the glottis during swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cellular layer that covers internal and external surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Red blood cell; a biconcave disk-shaped cell that contains hemoglobin and has no nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of the alimentary canal connectin the pharynx and the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Female sex hormone that stimulates the development of secondar sexual characteristics and is secreted by the ovarian follicle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The regular changes in the behavior and physiology of a female mammal throughout her fertile life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A unicellular or multicellular organism composed of cells that contain a memrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The changes in the gene pool from one generation to the next caused by mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection, and genetic drift. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The release of metabolic wastes by an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands that release their secretions into ducts (e.g., the liver, sweat glands). |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle used in the straightening of a limb. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first generation of offspring from a cross-fertilization of individuals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The offspring from the cross-fertiliaztion of individuals from the F1 generation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes that can exist with or without oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the concentration of a product or intermediate in a metabolic pathway inhibits the pathway that led to its formation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Catabolism of macromolecules in the absence of oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fusion of the nuclei of two gametes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A developing organism that has passed the early developmental stages. In humans, the term refers to an embryo from the third month of pregnancy until birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The insoluble protein that forms the bulk of a blood clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism's reaction to danger, which includes increased heartbeat, pupil dilation, increased respiration, constriction of the peripheral blood vessels, and reduced digestive activity. It is stimulated by adrenalin release and by innervation of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the nephron, the process by which blood plasma is forced (undef high pressure) out of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule. Also, a process used to separate and purify aqueous solutions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of preparing tissues for microscopic examination. |
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Term
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Definition
| A microscopic, whiplike filament that functions in locomotion of sperm cells and some unicellular organisms, and is composed of microtubules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A muscle used in the bending of a limb. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of cells surrounding a developing or mature ovum. Secretes nutrients and estrogen, and therefore the area of sharpest vision. |
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An area in the center of the retina containing the greatest concentration of cones, and therefore the area of sharpest vision. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sperm or ovum. A cell that has half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell (haploid) an can fuse with another gamete to form a zygote. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mass of neuron cell bodies; ganglia integrate and coordinate impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone released by the pyloric mucosa of the stomach when food enters the stomach. Stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The embryonic stage charaterized by the presence of endoderm, extoderm, the balastocoel, and the archenteron. The early gastrula is two-layered; later a thrid layer, the mesoderm, develops. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic unit of heredity, it is a region on a chromosome that codes for a specific product. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of alleles in to and out of a population's gene pool. |
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Term
|
Definition
| All of the alleles for every gene in every individual in a given population. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The system of nucleotide triplets (codons) in DNA and RNA that codes for individual amino acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Variations in the gene pool caused by chance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A organism's complete set of chromosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The genetic compostion of an entire organism, or reference to a particular trait. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A taxon of closely related species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The network of capillaries encapsulated by Bowman's capsule. Acts as a filter for blood entering the nephron. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The opening to the trachea. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone produced in the alpha cells of the pancreas that increases the concentration of blood glucose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The principal storage form of glucose in animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The anaerobic catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organelles that play a role in the packaging and secretion of proteins and other molecules produced intracellularly. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ovary or testis. The reproductive organ in which gametes are porduced. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any region in the central nervous system that consists largely of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A purine base present in DNA and RNA; it forms ydrogen bonds with cytosine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having only one of each type of chromosome per cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| States that gene ratios and allelic frequencies remain constant through the generations in a nonevolving population. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The structural unit of compact bone. Consists of a hard, inorganic matrix surrounding a central canal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Iron-containing protein found in red blood cells that binds O2 and transports it throughout the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Of or pertaining to the liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organism that requires preformed organic nutrients because it cannot form them from inorganic precursors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having two different alleles for a particular trait. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Maintenance of a stable internal physiological environment in an organism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes in a diploid cell that carry corresponding genes for the same traits at corresponding loci. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structures that ar similar in function and are of the same evolutionary origin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having two identical alleles for a given trait. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical messengers secreted by cells of one part of the body and carried by the bloodstream to cells elsewhere in the body, where they regulate biochemical activity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The resultant offspring of a cross (mating) either between two dfferent gene types of between two different species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The breaking apart of a molecule by the addition of water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the nmer of cells in a tissue or organ. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution that , when compared to another, has a greater concentration of solute particles and, cosnequently, a greater osmotic concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the size of individual cells within a given site or tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Branced filaments of a fungus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The region of the vertebrate forebrain that controls the autonomic nervous sustem, and is the control center for hunger, thirst, body temperature, and other visceral functions. Also secretes factors that stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution that, when compared to another, has a lower concentration of solute particles and, consequently, a lower osmotic concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The terminal portion of the small intestine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which the body defends itself in response to an antigen; e.g, the production of antibodies. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In a test tube or in culture. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Unlinked genes within a primary germ cell separate randomly during gametogenesis. ( See Mendel's Second Law) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The initiation of cell differentiation in a developing embryo due to the influence of other cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone produced by the beta cells in the pancreas that lowers blood glucose concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neuron which has its cell body and nerve terminals confined to one specific area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The stage between seccessive nuclear divisions; it is divided into the G1, S, and G2 stages. Cell growth and DNA replication occue during interphase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chromosomal mutation in which a section of a chromosome breaks off, flips over, and then reattaches in it original spot. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An animal that does not possess a backbone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the eye that contracts or dilates to regulate the amount of light passing through the pupil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism that prevents genetic exchange between individuals of different species of populations. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution that, when compared to another, has the same concentration of solute particles and, consequently, the same osmotic concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The middle portion of the small intestine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vertebrate organ that regulates water and salt concentration in the blood and is responsible for urine formation. |
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|
Term
| Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle, TCA cycle) |
|
Definition
| A metabolic pathway used in cellular respiration, in which acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, which then undergoes a series of reactions to yeild NADH, FADH, ATP, and CO2. Occurs in aerobes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The short-interval between the application of a stimulus to a muscle and the contraction of the muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| White blood cell; the four principal types of leukocytes are granlogytes, macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Connective tissue that joins two bones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tendency for cetain alleles to be inherited together due to proximity on the same chromosome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that specifically cleave the bonds of lipids. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of molecules that are insoluble in water but are soluble in a variety of organic solvents: oils, waxes, fats, steroids, glyclipids, pospholipids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In genetics, an area or region of a chromosome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The U-shaped section of a mammalian nephron. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The opening within a tube or a sac. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. In females, it transforms a follicle into a corpus luteum and triggers ovaulation. In males, it stimulates testosterone secretion. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Clear tissue fluid derived from blood plasma and transported through lumph vessels to the lymphatic ducts, which empty nto the circulatiory systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of white blood cell involved in and organism's immune response. |
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Term
| Lysogenic cycle (lysogeny) |
|
Definition
| Bacteriophage infection involving the integration of viral DNA into the bacterial genome without disrupting or destroying the host. The virus may subsequently reemerge and enter a lytic cycle. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A membrane-bound organelle that stores hydrolytic enzymes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacteriophage infection involving the destuction (lysis) of the host bacterium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A phagocytic white blood cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A mammal with a ventral pouch in which its young develop after birth. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The internal section of an organ (e.g., the adrenal glands and the kidney); the medulla oblongata of the mammalian hindbrain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brainstem closest to the spinal cord. It controls functions such as breathing and heartbeat. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A process of cell division in which two successive nuclear divisions produce four haploid gametes from one diploid germ cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alleles segregate during meiosis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Alleles of unlinked genes indepedently assort during meiosis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord: the dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The shedding of the uterine lining that occurs every four weeks in a nonpregnant, sexually mature human female. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The middle emrbryonic germ layer; it later gives rise to the muscular, skeletal, urogenital, and circulatory systems. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| This class of RNA is the product of the transcription process and acts as a template for the synthesis of polypeptides (translation). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all biochemical reactions that occur in an organism. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Transformation of an immature animal into an adult; change in the form of an organ or structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The anterior portion of the hindbrain of vertebrates; it includes the cerebellum and the pons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small hollow tube composed of two types of protein subunits, serving numerous functions in the cell (e.g., microtubules comprise the internal structures of cilia and flagella). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Membrane-bound cellular organelles in which the reactions of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis occur. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cellular division that results in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically indentical to each other and to the parent cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A white blood cell that transforms into a macrophage in the presence of foreign invaders. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sugar consisting of one monomer (e.g., glucose, fructose, or galactose). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The development of structure and form in an organism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The solid ball of cells that results from the early stages of cleavage in an embryo. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The type of epithelial tissue that lines moist body cavities; a mucous membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An agent, either chemical or physical, that can cause mutation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inheritable change in the genetic composition of an organism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A collection of filamentous hyphae which makes up a fungus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The white, lipid-containing material surrounding the axons of many neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Heme-containing protein that binds molecular oxygen in muscle cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein found in muscle cells that functions in muscle contraction. Myosin fibers are also called thich filaments. |
|
|
Term
| NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
|
Definition
| A coenzyme that functions in cell respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phophate). An electron acceptor/donator system that functions, primarily, in biosynthetic processes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An ongoing evolutionary process resulting in changes in gene frequencies. It leads to the differential development of different phenotypes in a population. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The functional unit of the vertebrate kidney. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A bundle of nerve fibers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The self-propagating change in electric potential across the axon membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic hollow tube that subsequently gives rise to the central nervou system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cell that conducts electrical impulses; the functional unit of the nervous system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical agent released into the synaptic cleft by the synaptic bouton of a neuron. Binds to receptor sites on postynaptic neurons or effector membranes to alter activity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The role of a given organism within the environment, including its interactions with other organisms and with the physical enironment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen compounds. Performed by bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Points on a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis. |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that stimulates the fight-or-flight response. It is also a neurotransmitter. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A supportive rod running just ventral to the neural tube in lower chordates and in vertebrate embryos. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double membrane enveloping the nucleus, interrupted periodically by pores; found in eukaryotic cells only. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Polymer of mucleotides; (e.g., DNA and RNA). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The region in prokaryotic cells where the chromosome is located. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dense body visible in a nondividing nucleus. Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Packaging unit of DNA in eukaryotic cells, consisting of DNA and histone proteins complexed together. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An organic molecule composed of three subnits:a 5-carbon sugar, a phophate group, and a purine or a pyrimidine (nitrogenous base). The basic subuits of DNA and RNA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An undifferentiated cell that undergoes meiosis to produce and egg cell (ovum). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Gemetogenesis in the ovary, leading to the formation of mature ova. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A site on DNA that interacts with a repressor protein, regulating transcrption of an operon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A segment of DNA consisting of a promoter, operator, and structural genes, The structural genes code for products of a specific biochemical pathway, their transcription is regulated by a repressor protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A body part composed of a group of tissues that form a functional and structural unit. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any specialized cytoplasmic structure. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane fom a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The female egg-producing gonad. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The tube leading from the outer extremity of the ovary to the uterus; generally, the site of fertilization. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The release of the mature ovum from the ovarian follicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The female gamete; egg cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The loss of electrons or hydrogen from an atom, ion, or molecule; the addition of oxygen to an atom, ion, or molecule. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| The synthesis of ATP using the energy released from the reactions of the electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of oxygen needed to reconvert lactic acid to pyruvate following strenuous exercise of muscle tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via a duct, and synthesizes and secretes the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. It is located between the stomach and the duodenum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system involved in restoring nervous system homeostasis; it is antagonistic to the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two pairs of glands located on the thyroid that secrete hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorous metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of asexual reproduction yeilding progeny without fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of a substance across a membrane without the expenditure of energy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunity coferred by the tansfer or injection of preveiously formed antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stomach enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds of proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bond between two amino acids that resuts from a condensation reaction between the carboxyl end of one amino acid and the amino end of the other. |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| Includes all neurons outside the central nervous sustem including sensory and motor neurons; it is subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction that move a substance through a tube (e.g., food through the digestive tract). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Memrane lining of the abdomen and pelvis which also covers the visceral organs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Allowing solutes to pass through; a term usually applied to biological membranes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of endocytosis in which large particles are engulfed by a cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The physical manifestation of an organism's genotype. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The evolutionary history of related organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the life processes of plants or animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of endocytosis in which small particles or liquid are engulfed by a cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The bilobed endocrine gland that lies just below the hypothalamus; because many of its hormones regulate other endocrine glands, it is known as the master gland. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The structure formed by the wall of the uterus and the chorion of the embryo, containing a network of capillaries through which exchange between maternal and fetal circulation occurs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The fluid component of blood containing dissolved solutes, minus the red blood cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Derived from B lynphocetes; have the ability to produce and secrete antibodies. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Small, enucleated disk-shaped blood cells that play an important role in blood clotting. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A small nonfunctional haploid cell created during oogenesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of ribosomes attached to a strand of mRNA, simultaneouly translating it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of organisms of the same species living together in a given location. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A circuit of blood in which there are two capillary beds in tandem connected by an artery or vein. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to the rear, or tail end. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An electrical difference or gradient between two points or structures (e.g., across axon membranes). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and the placenta; it prepares the uterine wall for implantation and maintains the thickened wall during pregnancy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell lacking a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, such as a bacterium. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A specific site on the DNA strand to which RNA polymerase attaches to initiate operon transcription. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The stage of mitosis or meiosis durig which the DNA strands condense to form visible chromosomes; during prophase 1 of meiosis, homologous chromosomes align. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A gland in the mammalia male that secretes alkaline seminal fluid. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A nonolypeptide unit tightly bound to an enzyme that is essential for that enzyme's activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex organic polmers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closer to some point of reference; that point usually being the midline of the body (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the hand). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Double-ringed nitrogenous bases such as adenine and guanine. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The terminal fibers of the heart's conducting system; located in the walls of ventricles. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The valve that regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Single-ringed nitrogenous bases such as cytosine, thymine, and uracil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An allele that does not express its phenotype in the presence of a dominant allele. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| New gene combinations achieved by sexual reproduction or crossing over in eukaryotes, and by transformation, transduction, or conjugation in prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process whereby an atom, ion, or molecule gains electrons or hydrogens; the loss of oxygen from an atom, ion, or molecule. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An involuntary nervous pathway consisting of sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, and effectors; it occurs in response to a specific stimulus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The period of time following an action potential, during which the neuron is incapable of depolarization. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replaces lost body parts. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulate the pituitary to synthesize and release its hormones. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Of or pertaining to the kidneys. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In an operon, the protein that prevents attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter by binding to the operator. It is coded for by the regulator. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(1) Cellular respiration: the series of oxygen-requiring biochemical reactions that lead to ATP synthesis.
(2) External respiration: the inhalation and exhalation of gases and their exchange at a respiratory surface. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The electrical potential of a neuron at rest; approximately 70mV across the axon membrane. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The innermost tissue layer of the eye; the sensory cells (rods and cones) are located there. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An RNA virus which contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which transcribes RNA into DNA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An antigen on a red blood cell whose presence or absence is indicated by a + or - respectively, in blood type notation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelle composed of RNA and protein; it translates mRNA during polypeptide synthesis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid composed of monomers consisting of the 5-carbon sugar ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil); functions in protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle cell membrane capable of propagating action potentials. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The functional contractile unit of striated muscle. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell; it envelops myofibrils. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A force, resulting from natural selection parameters, that causes changes within the gene pool of a population. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid released during ejaculation consisting of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gland found in mammalian males that produces seminal fluid. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A gene located only on a sex chromosome; such genes exhibit different inheritance patterns in males and females. |
|
|
Term
Sinoatrial node
(SA node, pacemaker) |
|
Definition
| A group of cells on the surface of the right atrium of the heart; it initiates and controls cardiac muscle contraction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Autosomal cells; all cells in the body except germ cells and gametes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A taxonomic classification applied to organisms of common ancestry who possess the ability to produce fertile offspring. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The mature male gamete, or sex cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Gametogenesis in the testes, leading to spem formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ring-shaped muscle that closes and opens a tube; e.g., the pyloric sphincter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structue within dividing cells composed of microtubules; it is involved in the separation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An asexual reproductive cell that can endure extreme environmental conditions and develop into an adult organism when conditions become favorable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nondifferentiated, rapidly dividing cells in the marrow of long bones that differentiate into red and white blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Four-ringed organic lipid molecules that make up many hormones and vitamins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any change in an organism's internal or external environment that changes the organism's activity. |
|
|
Term
| Sympathectic nervous system |
|
Definition
| The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that produces the "fight-or-flight" response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The junction between two neurons into which neurotransmitters are released. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The period of heart contraction during which the ventricles contract and pump blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anterior portion of the forebrain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The final stage of mitosis of meiosis during which the chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membranes reform, and cytokinesis occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule that directs the synthesis of another molecule by acting as a model or pattern (e.g., mRNA is the tempate for protein synthesis). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fibrous connective tissue that connects a bone to a muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The male spem-producing organ; also secretes testosterone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pair of homologous chromosomes synapsing during prophase 1 of meoisis; each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids, thus each tetrad consists of four chromatids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sustained muscle contraction that results from continuous stimulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The relay center between the brainstem and the cerebral cortex; located in the posterior part of the forebrain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lymphatic vessel that emties lymph into the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lowest magnitude of stimulus strength that will induce a response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that participates in clood clotting, it converts fibrinogen into fibrin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pyrimidine present in DNA, but not in RNA; it forms hydrogen bonds with adenine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ductless gland in the upper chest region of vertebrates; it functions in the development of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone produced and released by the thyroid that regulates metabolic rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vertebrate endocrine gland located in the neck; it synthesizes thryoxin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mass of similar cells and support structures organized into a functional unit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuous state of muscle contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tube that connects the pharynx to the bronchi; the windpipe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of RNA molecules from a DNA template. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transposition of genetic material from one organism to another by a virus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA molecules that bind to specific amino acids and carry them to ribosome/mRNA complexes durig protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uptake and incorporation of "nake" DNA by a recipient bacterial cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which protein synthesis is directed by an mRNA nucleotide sequence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pyrimidine found in RNA but not DNA; it forms hydrogen bonds with adenine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nitrogenous waste product produced in the liver from ammonia and CO2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The duct that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tube that leads from the bladder to the exterior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liquid waste resulting from the filtration, reabsorption, and secretion of filtate in the nephron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organ in the mammalian female reproductive system that is the site of enbryonic development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution of fractionated, dead, or attenuated live pathogenic material that is introduced into an individual for the purpose of stimulating a primary immune response or "boosting" a previously reduced anamnestic state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane-bound organelle in which water soluble nutrients and wastes are stored. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tenth cranial nerve; it innervates the pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera. Responsible for maintaining homeostatic activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tube carrying sperm from the testis to the urethra in mammalian males. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two large veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, that return deoxygenated blood from the periphery to the heart (right atrium). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to the under surface or front surface of an organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The chambers of the heart that pump blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Member of phylum chordata possessing a backbone composed of vertebrae (member of subphylum vertebrata). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Referring to an organ or limb that has no apparent function now but was functional at some time in the organism's evolutionary past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small projection from the wall of the small intestine that increases the surface area for digestion and absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tiny, organism-like particle composed of protein-encased nucleic acid; viruses are obligate parasites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic nutrient that an organism cannot produce itself and that is required by the organism in small amounts to aid in proper metabolic functioning; vitamins often function as cofactor for enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the central nervous system consisting primarily of myelinated axons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A genetics term for the phenotype characteristic of the majority of individuals in a particular species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The female sex chromosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diploid (2N) cell that results from the fusion of two haploid (N) gametes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inactive enzyme precursor that is converted into an active enzyme. |
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|
