Term
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Definition
-multicellular
-eukaryotic
-lack a cell wall
-hetertrophic (internal digestion)
-sexual or asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
1) heterotrophic
2) move at least during some stage of life
3) multicellular (not only do they have multiple cells, but these cells are specialized for different functions and activities) |
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Term
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Definition
-542 million years ago
-relatively rapid diversification (all animal body plans we see today evolved over a short time period of 15 million years)
-hypotheses for cause include increased predator-prey relationships and evolution of genes to control development of animal form (ie- gene expression) |
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Term
| Four Key Distinctions Divide Animals |
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Definition
1) does the animal have defined tissues with specialized cells?
2) does the animal develop with radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry?
3) during development, does the animal's gut develop from front to back or vice versa?
4)does growth occur by molting or by adding continuously to the skeletal elements? |
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Term
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Definition
-integrated groups of cells that are similar and perform a certain, specific function within a multicellular organism
-all phylums except sponges |
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Term
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Definition
-identical all around a central axix (animals with a passive lifestyle; slow)
-cnidarians |
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Term
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Definition
-only one way to split body into two equal halves, right down the midline (animals with a fast, active lifestyle; search for food; can escape predators)
-not sponges (no tissues) or cnidarians (radial symmetry) |
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Term
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Definition
-"mouth" "first"
-gut develops from front to back; first opening forms the mouth
-flatworms, annelids, mollusks, roundworms, and arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
-"mouth" "second"
-gut develops from back to front; second opening becomes the mouth
-echinoderms and chordates |
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Term
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Definition
shedding a hard exoskeleton
-in discrete phases
-roundworms and arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
-adding to size of skeletal elements
-on a continuous basis
-flatworms, annelids, mollusks |
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Term
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Definition
-animals without a backbone
-8/9 or ~95% of animal kingdom, 99% of all animals
-all except chordates |
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Term
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Definition
-the sponges
-simplest animals
-evolved from colonial protists
-no tissues or organs
-most lack symmetry
-hermaphrodites (sexual reproduction;asexual reproduction by budding/fragmentation)
-efficient feeders; filter feeding
-5,000 species |
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Term
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Definition
-hollow tube with holes in it
-contains choanocytes (trap bacteria -- food) and amoebocytes (do all: digestion, distribute food/ogygen, get rid of waste) |
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Term
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Definition
-free swimming larvae (movement), although sessile as adults
-feed on other organisms
-multicellular (no true tissues, but "specialized" choanocytes and amoebocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-have body tissues
-radial symmetry
-tenticles with stinging cells (carnivorous)
-includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals
-most are marine, most are dangerous
-live as polyp (sessile) and medusa (floating form)
-reproduce both sexually and asexually
-gastrovascular cavity |
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Term
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Definition
-sac with a central digestive compartment
-only one way in and out |
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Term
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Definition
-the flatworms
-bilateral symmetry
-gastrovascular cavity
-20,000 species
-most are marine
-flux: colorful and free living
-tape worm: parasites (5,000 species, no digestive tract) |
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Term
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Definition
-segmented worms (bodies dvided into repeated segments)
-bilateral symmetry
-include earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches
-live everywhere
-complete digestive tract
-about half of all leeches are parasites |
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Term
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Definition
-mostly marine
-soft bodied, shell, mantle, radula |
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Term
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Definition
1) gastropods
2) bivalve molluscs
3) cephalopods |
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Term
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Definition
(molluscs)
-snails and slugs
-"belly footed" |
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Term
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Definition
(molluscs)
-clams, scallops, oysters, and muscles
-pair of shells that clamp together
-form pearls |
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Term
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Definition
(molluscs)
-squids, octopi, and nautiluses
-"head footed"
-tentacles |
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Term
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Definition
-Oxford: the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
-Cambridge: the ability to learn, understand ,and make judgments or have opinions that are based on reason |
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Term
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Definition
-the roundworms
-cylindrical body
-bilateral symmetry
-complete digestive tract (digestive tract with two openings, a mouth and anus)
-grow by molting
-some are parasites, some good some bad |
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Term
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Definition
-segmented body
-jointed appendages
-exoskeleton of chitin (need to grow by molting)
-more than 1 million species identified; most successful animal phylum |
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Term
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Definition
-crustaceans (aquatic: crabs/lobsters/shrimp/crabfish)
-arachnids (spiders/scorpians/ticks/mites)
-millipedes and centipedes
-insects (flies/bees/ants/wasps/butterflies/moths/beetles) |
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Term
| Life Stages of Arthropods |
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Definition
-Larva = early form that looks completely different than adult form (purpose is to eat)
-Metamorphosis = "change of form"
-Adult = full size, reproductive form (purpose is to reproduce) |
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Term
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Definition
-Deuterostome
-All marine
-lack body segments
-radial symmetry
-includes sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers
-endoskeleton
-water vascular system |
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Term
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Definition
| an internal skeleton; constructed from hard plates just below the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| network of water-filled canals that circulate water throughout the echinoderm's body, facilitating gas exchange |
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Term
| Relation Between Echinoderms and Chordates |
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Definition
-closest relatives
-Deuterostyomes
-larvae bilaterally symmetrical
-sense organs at front end of body (at least as larva) |
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Term
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Definition
-vertebrates
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord
-notochord
-pharyngeal gill slits
-post anal tail |
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Term
| Included in the Vertebrates |
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Definition
(chordates)
-lampreys
-cartilaginous fishes
-ray-finned fishes
-lobe-finned fishes
-amphibians
-reptiles and birds
-mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| may only express SOME of the characteristics as adults |
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Term
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Definition
-basic vertebrate animal
-eel like
-jawless; fins
-Lamprey = parasitic and hagfish = decomposers
-use rasping tongue to hold on to food
-the most basic vertebrae in form |
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Term
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Definition
-sharks, rays, and skates
-skeleton composed of cartilage; lack any bone
-advantages: fins (ability to swim to get to food) and jaws (ability to grasp and chew food, allows organisms to catch larger food, and allows for organisms to become larger) |
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Term
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Definition
-largest group of vertebrates
-have solid skeleton (and fins)
-swim bladder (gas-filled organ to keep fish afloat)
-lung fish
-most are ray-finned fish
-only 8 species of lobe-finned fish still exist |
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Term
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Definition
-amphibios = "living a double life"
-first tetrapods (terrestrial vertebrae)
-generally have two pairs of limbs
-non-amniotes (eggs are tied to a water environment; necessary so they don't dry out)
-many breath with gills, at least at some stage of their lives; lungs are little sacs, breathe through lungs/gills/skin |
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Term
| Amphibians; From Water to Land |
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Definition
1) respiration -> lungs
2) gravity -> limbs/backbone
3) egg dessication (drying out) -> amniotic egg (somewhat water-proof) |
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Term
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Definition
-no longer dependent on water
-have waterproof, scaly skin
-well developed lungs
-amniotes (have eggs that are encases in a hard, fluid filled shell that prevents drying out)
-ectotherms (need to bask in the sun to raise body temperature -- advantage: live on very few calories) |
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Term
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Definition
-derived from reptiles
-Endotherms (use the heat produced by cellular respiration to warm their body temperature above that of the air
-feathers |
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Term
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Definition
-first bird
-size of pigeon
-had the ability to fly |
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Term
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Definition
-couldn't fly
-feathers used for stability, mating rituals, or insulation/warmth |
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Term
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Definition
-reptile ancestor
-originally small, nocturnal, insect eaters
-explosion after dinosaurs because predators were gone |
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Term
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Definition
-endotherms (convergent evolution -- not ancestral to birds)
-rearrangement of skeleton
-two new features: hair (assists in endothermy - acts as an insulant) and mammary glands (enable nursing of young) |
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Term
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Definition
-monotremes (no live births or nipples)
-marsupials (viviverous - born underdeveloped, finish in pouch)
-pacental mammals (95% of all mammals) |
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Term
| Anatomical Changes Due to Life in the Trees |
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Definition
-eyes forward directed (binocularvision)
-arms with shoulder and elbow joints; allows for rotational movement
-fingers and toes 10 digits each; allows for grasping of objects |
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Term
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Definition
-Old World monkeys and New World monkeys had tails; apes have no tails
-Gibbons and Orangutans, though apes, live alone or in pairs; gorillas, chimpanzees and humans are social and live in groups |
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Term
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Definition
-bipedalism = walking on two legs
-increase in size
-inventive minds (tool invention, communication, cultural evolution) |
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Term
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Definition
| social transmission of accumulated knowledge, customs, beliefs, and art over generations |
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