Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
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Term
| Domain Bacteria, Kindgdom(s) ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Domain Archaea, Kindgdom(s) ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Domain Eukarya, Kindgdom(s) ______ |
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Definition
| Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals |
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Term
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Definition
| defined by the ability to replicate and by the presence of some sort of metabolic activity |
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Term
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Definition
-Composed of cells, the smallest units of living organisms
-Make and use energy
-Grow
-Reproduce
-Respond to stimuli in the environment (movement)
-Evolve |
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Term
| Characteristics of Non-life |
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Definition
| Some, but not ALL of the characteristics of life |
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Term
| Why Viruses are NOT Living |
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Definition
| viruses do not have cells and do not make energy |
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Term
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Definition
| intense energy sources; no oxygen present |
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Term
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Definition
| the early belief that life could arise from nonliving matter |
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Term
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Definition
| (1862) Experiments confirmed: all life today--including microbes--arises only by the reproduction of preexisting life |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that all life arises by the reproduction of preexisting life; "life from life" |
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Term
| Hypothesis for the Origin of Life |
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Definition
1) the formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen
2) the formation of self-replicating, information-containing molecules (DNA, RNA)
3) the development of a membrane, enabling metabolism and creating the first cells |
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Term
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Definition
| "life" "turned in different directions" |
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Term
| Biology talks about ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[stage 1: formation of small molecules of carbon and hydrogen]
1) created "warm little pond"
2) introduced "lightening"
3) atmosphere cooled and compounds "rained" back down
4) examined water and found many organic molecules (found 5 amino acids; recent analysis found all 20) |
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Term
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Definition
[Stage 3: Development of a Membrane]
Proposes that the world may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with DNA-based life |
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Term
| Development of a Membrane |
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Definition
[Stage 3]
Cooperation of RNA and polypeptides; Formatioin of "pre-cells" (protocells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts on pre-cells. Mutations and errors in copying the "genes" -- leads to variation; speciation. |
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Term
| From Pre-Cells to Living Cells |
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Definition
| fossil records show that prokaryotes were flourishing at least 3.5 billion years ago, but the exact time is unknown. Currently the most accepted theory is the 3-stage development |
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Term
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Definition
| one cell living inside another; ancestral bacterium entered into an ancestral archaean and thus eukaryotes were formed |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria and archaeabacteria |
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Term
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Definition
-cell wall
-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-DNA/plasmid DNA
-capsule
-flagella and pili |
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Term
| Characteristics of Bacteria |
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Definition
-unicellularity
-small
-method of cell division
-metabolically diverse |
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Term
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Definition
-coccus (circular)
-spirilium (spiral)
-bacillus (rod) |
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Term
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Definition
| Shape, Gram Stain (positive = stain, negative = no stain), colony color and shape |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction (binary fission) |
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Term
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Definition
-chromosome DNA = circular DNA that carries the basic instructions for life processes
-plasmid DNA = additional, small, circular DNA that carry genes for special functions |
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Term
| Genetic Exchange in Bacteria |
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Definition
-without reproduction
-genetic diversity
-3 types: conjugation, transduction, and transformation |
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Term
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Definition
[genetic exchange]
process by which one bacterium transforms a copy of some of its genetic information to another bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
[genetic exchange]
occurs when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell--producing a "new" bacterial genome |
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Term
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Definition
[genetic exchange]
process where bacteria scavenge for DNA and take up pieces and incorporate it into their own DNA |
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Term
| Metabolic Diversity in Bacteria |
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Definition
-feed on organic molecules
-feed on inorganic molecules
-make their own food by photosynthesis (cyanobacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
-"live cultures" in yogurt
-"normal flora"
-Decomposition and Fixation
-Probiotic Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| -a method of treating infections by deliberately introducing "benign" bacteria in numbers large enough to swamp the harmful ones |
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Term
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Definition
-disease-causing bacteria
-small in number compared to total bacterial species |
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Term
| Bacteria Which are Always Pathogenic |
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Definition
-cholera
-Plague
-Tuberculosis |
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Term
| Bacteria Which are Part of the Normal Flora |
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Definition
-ALWAYS in/on us, but usually in small amounts and therefore not noticeable
-strep throat, acne, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, gonorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
-"ancient" bacteria
-found in extreme environments (extremophiles)
-DNA composition different than bacteria; more similar biochemically and phylogenetically to eukaryotes than other prokaryotes (plasma membrane not the same composition as bacteria, cell wall also different, DNA replication with multiple origins of replication like eukaryotes, and gene expression) |
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Term
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Definition
-acellular (lack cells)
-viruses aren't living; they depend on host for metabolism, reproduction, etc.
-cause of: colds/flu and HIV |
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Term
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Definition
1) capsid = container made of proteins
2) genetic material = RNA and DNA
3) plasma membrane = envelope; if they have it, it was stolen from a previous host
4) tail-like structure |
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Term
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Definition
-rely on living cells (known as hosts)
-use no energy of their own, and cannot reproduce on their own
-involve a lytic cycle (breaking open of host cells) |
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Term
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Definition
-demonstrates difficulty in controlling infections viruses
-passed from chimp to human sometime in the early 1900s
-retrovirus; mutates easily
-attacks white blood cells and causes immune system to collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| -an RNA-containing virus, which also contains reverse transcriplase (a viral enzyme) which uses the viral RNA as a template to synthesize a single strand of DNA (therefore, it mutates easily) |
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Term
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Definition
-Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protista
-first eukaryotes (have organelles)
-unicellular or multicellular
-most diverse kingdom; "catch-all" category
-primarily aquatic |
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Term
| Origin of Eukaryotic Cells; Evidence |
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Definition
[chloroplasts and mitochondria...]
1) have their own DNA
2) reproduce themselves by splitting in half; similar to binary fission
3) both have internal ribosomes (like bacteria)
4) similar in size to prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
-evolution from inwards folds in the plasma membrane
-leads to formation of the endomembrane system (ER/golgi) |
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Term
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Definition
-symbiosis = living together
-endosymbiosis = one species living inside of another
-leads to generation of mitochondria and chloroplasts
-seems to have evolved from small, symbiotic prokaryotes that established residence in larger prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
-heterotrophic (consume other things; animal-like; internal digestion)
-saprotrophic (external digestion; fungi-like; slime molds and water molds)
-autotrophic (plant-like; photosynthesis; alga)
-mixotrophs (more than one method of making food) |
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Term
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Definition
-act as natural pesticides
-food
-habitat (VERY important!)
-oxygen producing |
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Term
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Definition
-toxic
-red tides ("HABs") formed by dinoflagellets
-diseases (malaria, toxoplasma) |
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Term
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Definition
-Domain Eukaria; kingdom Fungi
-saptrotrpohs/heterotrophic external digestion
-more closely related to animals than to plants |
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Term
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Definition
-mushrooms
-mold
-yeast (unicellular) |
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Term
| Multicellular Fungal Structure |
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Definition
-hyphae = threadlike filaments
-mycelium = woven aggregations of hyphae
-fruiting body = temporary reproductive structure (what we see) |
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Term
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Definition
-sexual (meioses; haploid spores in fruiting body; spores shot off forcibly; mating streains [+/- instead of male/female] fuse to produce diploid)
-asexual (spores; yeast - we have only ever observed yeast producing asexually) |
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Term
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Definition
| bread molds, about 1100 species, sporangia |
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Term
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Definition
| sac fungi, 75% of known fungi, sexual reproduction in ascus (sac of spores), asexual reproduction in conidia (also produces spores) |
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Term
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Definition
| club fungi, kreproductive structure in basidium (club-shaped) |
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Term
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Definition
-decomposers
-antibiotics
-cheese production
-yeasts (beer, bread, soy sauce, some chocolates, and citric acid for soft drinks) |
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship that benefits both/all species involved |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between a root and a fungi |
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Term
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Definition
-relationship between an algae and a fungi
-useful as bioindicators (checking for air pollution) |
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Term
| Fungi that Can Be Harmful |
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Definition
-spoilage
-parasitic fungi -- disease (plants = Dutch Elm Disease, Ergots on Rye; animals = athletes foot) |
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