water balance is intimately associated with sustaining a blance concentration of electrolights througout the body

also closely linked with escretion

important part of homeostasis

-net movement of substances down a gradient

-net movement of water down a gradient

process by which living organisms control the concentration of water and electrolytes in thier bodies

-done through conforming or regulation

-conforming to the enviroment. like sponges in the ocean because of the consistancy

-actively regulating osmolarity inside their bodies to achieve homeostasis like fish in the ocean

-too many ions

-too little water

-replace lost water by drinkking large quantities and pump out extra ions through gills

-too much water

-too little ions

-excrete lots of water and do not drink water, gain ions through food and transport extra ions through their gills

constantly lose water

drink water and eat food to replace along with the gain from their metabolic water

high solubility

high water loss

low enery losss

high toxicity

found in fish and invertibrates

medium solubility

medium water loss

high energy loss

medium toxicity

found in mamals and amphibians

low solubility

low water loss

high energy loss

low toxicity

found in birds, reptiles, and insects

renal artery brings in blood

renal vein carries clean blood away

has outer medulla and inner cortex

urine produced leaves by the ureater

stured in the bladder

leaves body by the urethra

-functional unit is the nephron

water can only move by osmosis

kidney sets up a strong osmotic gradient

by doing this kidneys have percise control over water and ions

Renal corpscle-filters blood

proximal tubule-reabsorby nutrients,ions, and water and return it to the blood

loop of henle-establishes strong osmotic gradient

distal tubule-reabsorbs ions and water

collecting duct-can absorb more water

-a substance that an organism needs to remain alive

-material that contains nutrients

-essental nutrients-nutrients that cannot by synthesized and must by obtained by diet

-amino acids-manufacture protiens

-vitamins-used as coenzymes

-minerals-componets of enzymes or structure

-electrolytes-influence osmotic balance and are required for membrane function

-suspension-filter nutrients from water like spounges 

-deposit feeders- swallow sediments andd other deposited material

-fluid feeders-suck or lap up fluids like blood or nectar

-mass feeders-seize and manipulate chuncks of food with jaws

single opening that doubles as the location where food is ingested and wastes are eliminated

-mouth, pharynx, gatruvascular cavity

mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

appendix/pancreas (produces enzymes)

anus

-mouth-carbohydrates

-stomach-proteins

-small intestine-proteins fats and carbohydrates and H2O

-Large intestine- absorbes H2O

-parietal cells- produce HCl

-mucous cell-produces mucous that lines stomach

-ruminants-

stomach is specialized for gegesting cellulose not protients

use symbyotic bacteria to digest it

-cows have four stomachs

negative feedback homeostatic system

-if glucose is to high insuline sablizes

-if glucose is too low glucagon sablizes

(by glucagenisis)

the higher you go the less oxygen molecules there are even though the percentage stays the same

-move by diffustion between the enviroment and their partial pressure gradients

--more challenging than air!!

-contains less oxygen

-have to expend more enerby than air breathers

Oxygen has low solubility in water

higher temperature, less oxygen

seawater holds less gas

partial pressure of the gas in contact with water

Ficks Law= K*A* (P2-P1)/D

K-constand solublility and temp

A-Area for gas exchange(large)

P2-P1-Difference in partial pressure(large)

D-Distance to travel through (small)

solubility of the gas on the exchange surface

Temperature

surface area aviable

thickness of barrier

difference of partial pressures

Counter current exchange- 2 adjacent fluids moving in opposite directions

-in gills it worts because it makes the exchange of gas more effcient over the entire gas exhange (maximizes the difference in partial pressure)

Nose/mouth--trachea--bronchi---brochiloes--alveoli

-Alveoli are the site of gas exchange

-pull air into  lungs with negative pressure ventilation

-hemoglobin- protien that carries O2, is very senstive to Ph and temperature

-myoglobin-carries and sores oxygen in muscule cells

--look at bohr shift and oxygen curves pg 913-914

blood flows ina continuous circuit through the body. blood is confined to vessles, which means a high flow rate and a High pressure

-allows for animals to be more active and blood can by redirectd in response to tissues needs

one loop services both the gills and lungs

--fish are the only single loopers

2 separte loops, one to the body and one to the lungs

--all animals except fish

allows blood to be bumped at a constant high pressure, increasing rate of oxygen delivery

But capillaries and alveoli are tooo delicat to handle constant high pressure

-solved by having a pulmonary low pressure lung and systemic high pressure body circulation

right atrium

reight ventricle

lungs

left atrium

left ventricle

body

(repeat)

contraction phase- systole

relatxation phase-diastole

dendrites

cell body (soma)

axon

myelin sheath

when a nueron is not communicating with other cells or tissues there is a difference in charge accross the membrane

-Na outide of cell with postitive charge

-K and Cl inside with a negative charge

Most animal nervous systems employ one-way

signaling. What is the direction of signaling in the

vertebrate nervous system?

what kind of ion channels should you open to depolarize the

membrane (send a signal) ?

Increase Na+

in by opening Na-channels in cell membrane

(excitatory)

rapid temporary change in a membrane potential

depolarization-repid repolarization-hyperpolarization

Increase K+ out by opening K-channels in cell membrane

(inhibitory) 

neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic

membrane

The “sending” cell is called the presynaptic neuron and the

“receiving” cell is called the postsynaptic neuron.

An excitatory synapse, or a synapse that promotes the

start of an action potential on the post-synaptic side

will open what kind of ion channel on the post-synaptic

membrane.

Only pre-synaptic membranes

have ion channels

What is the big advantage of

a double-loop circulatory system over a

single-loop system? 

Higher pressure and flow

rate