Term
|
Definition
| The movement of ions or molecules across a plasma membrane or organelle membrane against an electrochemical gradient. Requires energy and assistance of a transport protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States everything that the null hypothesis does not. If you reject the null hypothesis, you can tentatively accept the alternate hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small organic molecule with a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH3), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a side group (R). 20 different ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tentative explanation for the problem you've observed. Takes the form of a "because" statement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The uptake by or extrusion from a cell of fluid or particles, accomplished by invagination and vacuole formation (uptake) or by evagination (extrusion). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of a class of molecules that contain a carbonyl group (-COOH), several hydroxyl groups (-OH), and several to multiple carbon-hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fibrous layer found outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archaea and many eukaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structural polysaccharide composed of β-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Found in the cell wall of algae, plants, bacteria, fungi, and some other groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large organelle in plant and fungal cells that usually is used for bulk storage of water, pigment, oils, or other substances. Some have enzymes and have a digestive functino like lysosomes in animal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbon atoms that do not have a centre of symmetry.
O=C=O
H-C≡C-H |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structural polysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine monomers joined end to end by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Found in cell walls of fungi and many algae, and in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chlorophyll- containing organelle bounded by a double membrane, in which photosynthesis occurs. Found in plants and photosynthetic plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Side of the Golgi Apparatus facing the E.R. and the Nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flattened, membrane-bound compartments that make up the Golgi Apparatus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined covalently with the removal of an -OH from one and an -H from another to form water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spontaneous movement of a substance from a region of high concentraion to one of low concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) |
|
Definition
| A nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information of a cell. Typically occurs as two intertwined strands, but can be separated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself from an atom to which it is bonded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of organells in eukaryotic cells that performs most protein and li[id synthesis. Includes the E.R., Golgi Body, and lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of a substance across a plasma membrane down its concentration gradient with the assistance of transmembrane carrier proteins or channel proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lipid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a borboxyl group (-COOH) at one end. Ised by many organisms to store chemical energy and a major componet of animal and plant fats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A three-carbon molecule that forms the "backbone" of phospholipids and most fats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A highly branched storage polysaccharide composed of α-glucose monomers joined by 1,4- and 1,6-glycosidic linkages. Major form of stored carbohydrates in animals. |
|
|
Term
| Golgi Apparatus (Complex) |
|
Definition
| A eukaryotic organelle, consisting of stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae), that functions in processing and sorting proteins and lipids destined to be secreted or directed to other organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A weak interaction between two molecules or different parts of the same molecule resulting from the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom (usually N or O) with a partial negative charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller molecules by reacting with water. Most involve splitting polymers into monomers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interacting readily with water. "Water-Loving." Usually polar compounds with charged or electronegative atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not interacting readily with water. "Water-Fearing." Usually nonpolar that lack charged or electronegative atoms and often contatin many C-C or C-H bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical bond that is formed when an electron is completely transferred from one atom to another so that the atoms remain associated due to their opposite electric charges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any organic substance that does not dissolve in water, but dissolves well in non-polar organic solvents. Include fats, oils, phospholipids, and waxes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interior space of any hollow structure (Rough E.R.) or organ (Stomach). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small organelle in an animal cell containing acids and enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions and can digest large molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An RNA molecule that carries encoded information, transcribed from DNA, that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A eukaryotic organelle that is bounded by a double membrane and is the site of aerobic respiration. |
|
|
Term
| Molecule-Ion Interactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small carbohydrate, such as glucose, that has the molecular formula (CH2O)n and cannot be hydrolyzed to form any smaller carbohydrates. Also called simple sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers. Generally used by cells to store or tansmit hereditary information. Includes RNA and DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogen-containing bases. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides of deoxyribose and ribose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In eukaryotic cells, that large organelle containing the chromosomes and surrounded by a double membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The loss of electrons from an atom during a redox reaction, either by donation of an electron to another atom or by the shared electrons in covalent bonds moving farther from the atomic nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of a substance across a plasma membrane or organelle membrane. When this occurs with the assistance of membrane proteins, it is called facilitated diffusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organeele found in most eukaryotic cells that contains enzymes for oxidizing fatty acids and other compounds including many toxins, rendering them harmless. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the concentraion of protons in a solution and this of acidity or alkalinity. -log[H+] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of lipid having a hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and a hydrophobic tail (one or more fatty acids). Major componet of plasma and organelle membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane. Hydrophilic heads face outwards with hydrophobic tails facing inwards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical connection between two plant cells, consisting of gaps in the cell walls through which two cells' plasma membranes, cytoplasm, and smooth ER can connect directly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carrying a slight positive charge on one side of a molecule and a slight negative charge on the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any long molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together. Proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chain of 50 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. Also the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bacteria or Archaea cell. Unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and containing few organelles or cytoskeleton components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptide chains consisting of 50 or more amino acids linked together. Unique sequence of amino acids and 3D shape. |
|
|
