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Definition
| Biology is the scientific study of life |
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| Properties of life: Biologists recognize life through a series of properties shared by all living things (4) |
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Definition
Reproduction: All organisms reproduce their own kind.
Growth and development: Information carried by genes controls the pattern of growth in all organisms
Energy use: Every organism takes in energy, converts it to useful forms, and expels energy.
Order: Each living thing has a complex but well-ordered structure |
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| Energy in living organisms |
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Definition
| Every organism takes in energy, converts it to useful forms, and expels energy. |
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| All porperties of living things (6) |
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Definition
| Reproduction- Growth/development- energy use- order- cells- response to environment |
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All living organisms consist of cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of life |
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| Individuals with traits that help them survive and reproduce pass the genes for those traits to offspring, driving the evolution of populations |
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| The biosphere consists of all life on Earth |
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| An ecosystem consists of the living and non-living components |
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| A community consists of all the interacting populations in an ecosystem |
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| A population is a group of interacting individuals of one species |
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| Life grouping order (organism to atom) |
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Definition
organism
organ system
organ
tissue
organelle
cell
molecule
atom |
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Definition
| An organism is an individual living being |
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| An organ system is a group of organs that work together |
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| An organ consists of multiple tissues that cooperate to perform a specific task |
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| A tissue is an integrated group of similar cells that work together |
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Definition
| An organelle is a component of the cell that performs a specific function |
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Definition
| A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together |
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Definition
| An atom is the fundamental unit of matter |
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| Scientific Method and steps |
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Definition
The scientific method serves as a guideline for a scientist to understand an observation
The scientific method depends on hypothesis
observation-question-hypothesis-prediction-experiment-results-conclusion-revise/repeat |
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| 2 types of science and how they are defined |
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Definition
| Discovery science provides data used to describe the natural world. |
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Definition
| A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation- A valid hypothesis must be testable |
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| A theory is much broader in scope and explains a great many observations- Theories are supported by a large and growing body of evidence |
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Definition
| Controlled experiments investigate a hypothesis by changing only one variable |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotic cells are small, simple cells. They lack membrane-bound organelles. Always unicellular. First appeared 3.5 billion years ago. DNA not contained. Bacteria and archaea |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic cells are larger, complex cells. They contain membrane-bound organelles. Unicellular or multicellular. First appeared 2.1 billion years ago. DNA in nucleus. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists. |
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| Does bacteria have a membrane bound organelle? |
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Definition
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Definition
The ecosystem includes all living organisms as well as non-living factors such as air, sunlight, wind, and water.
The dynamics of every ecosystem depend on two main processes: Energy flow and Chemical recycling |
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| Life on Earth is currently classified into three domains based on the type of cell. |
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Definition
Prokaryokes:
Bacteria:unicellular, found everywhere
Archaea: unicellular, extreme conditions
Eukaryotes:
Eukarya: uni/multicellular, complex |
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Definition
Every species has the potential to increase its numbers very rapidly by exponential growth.
For all organisms, resources (food, shelter, sunlight) are limited. |
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| Competition according to Darwin |
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Definition
| From these two observations, Darwin concluded competition is a factor for all living things |
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Definition
| Heritable variation means that not all individuals are alike |
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Term
| Natural Selection (in terms of traits and reproduction) |
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Definition
Individuals with traits better suited to compete in the current environment will, on average, produce more offspring.
Darwin called the nonrandom unequal reproductive success among individuals natural selection.
Natural selection is not random because it favors individuals with traits that increase survival and reproduction. |
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Term
| Adaptation in Natural Selection |
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Definition
| Adaptation is the accumulation of favorable traits |
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| Darwin's proposal of natural selection: |
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Definition
| Darwin proposed that natural selection will result in “descent with modification.” |
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Definition
| Reactants are transformed into products through chemical reactions |
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Definition
| Chemical reactions are written with the reactants on the left and the products on the right |
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| 4 most prominent elements of the human body |
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Definition
| oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
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Definition
atomic number corresponds to the number of protons
The atomic weight corresponds to the number of protons plus neutrons
The number of protons determines the chemical element (identity) |
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Definition
| The number of neutrons determines the isotope |
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Term
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Definition
| Isotopes are variations of an element that differ in their neutron number. Isotopes are less stable and may decay over time, emitting radiation. |
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Definition
| When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes electrically charged. Charged atoms are called ions |
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Definition
| Ionic bonds involve the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. |
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Definition
| Covalent bonds involve the sharing of one or more electrons between atoms (strongest of bonds) and Covalent bonds can be nonpolar (equal sharing) or polar (unequal sharing). |
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Definition
Frozen water floats.
Water is an effective solvent.
Water has a strong resistance to change in temperature (evaporative cooling)
Water molecules stick together in surface tension (cohesion) |
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Term
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Definition
The polar covalent bonds in water mean there is an uneven charge distribution
The weak attractions between polar molecules are called hydrogen bonds (weak) |
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Term
| Water is what type of molecule? |
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Definition
| Remember that within a water molecule polar covalent bonds hold atoms together so water is a polar molecule |
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Definition
Many liquids can act as a solvent, a dissolving agent.
Water is the most important solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolving agents to form a mixture called a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute is the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent |
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Definition
Acidic condition impact the ability of organisms to make calcium carbonate exoskeletons
CO2 gas absorbed in the oceans lowers the pH and many marine organisms cannot live with low pH. |
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Term
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Definition
An aqueous solution is one that contains a substance dissolved in water and The concentration of H+ ions in
an aqueous solution determines its pH |
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Definition
| The pH scale runs from acidic (0) to basic (14) with blood being 7.4 |
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Definition
| Cells regulate their pH through the use of buffers, chemicals that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ ions |
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Definition
| Molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements are called organic compounds |
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Definition
| Functional groups are sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton |
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| 4 classes of organic molecules |
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Definition
| carbs- lipids- proteins- nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
Large molecules with complex structure.
Most are polymers (protein), which are molecules created by joining together smaller molecules called monomers (amino acids). |
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Term
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Definition
| protein), which are molecules created by joining together smaller molecules called monomers (amino acids). |
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Term
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Definition
| A dehydration synthesis reaction links two monomers together and removes a molecule of water. In cells, your body builds new molecules through this reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
Carbohydrates are a common source of dietary energy for animals and important building blocks of plants.
“Carbs” include simple sugars and larger molecules made from sugars
Simple sugars are also called monosaccharides. Carbohydrates consist of one or more monosaccharides joined together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds. We often refer to lipids as “fats.” |
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Term
| Fats perform essential functions in the human body, including: |
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Definition
Energy storage
Cushioning
Insulation
Membrane function
Hormone regulation |
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Term
| How are cell membranes formed? |
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Definition
| Cell membranes are made by stacking two layers of a molecule called a phospholipid |
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Term
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Definition
| A triglyceride is one glycerol joined to three fatty acid molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Saturated fats are triglycerides that have no double bonds in their carbon/hydrogen chains |
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Term
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Definition
| Unsaturated fats are triglycerides that have double bonds in their carbon/hydrogen chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for simple sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| All lipids are hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), meaning they do not mix with water |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibitors are molecules that prevent enzymes from working.
Almost every metabolic reaction occurs with the help of an enzyme. |
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