Term
| What are the products of light cycle and are used to power the dark cycle (calvin cycle)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Dark Cyle/Calvin cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is oxygen released from photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| During the Light Cycle water is split |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When a color is absorbed by plant pigments what does this mean? |
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Definition
| Those are the colors you don't see. |
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Term
| The process of chemiososmosis in chloroplast involves: |
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Definition
establishment of hydrogen gradient/proton gradient
Splitting of water, which powers the dark cycle. |
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Term
| What is the function of the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which phase does not go through S phase |
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Definition
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Term
A daughter cell at the end of mitosis how does it compare to its mother cell?
The mother cell after the cell was in G1 after mitosis? |
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Definition
| -Diploid they have the same amount of DNA unreplicated because replication occurs during S phase |
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Term
| When you begin to notice chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the non dividing stage? |
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Definition
G0
Brain cells are non dividing cells neuron/nerves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
2n=28
At S phase will there be 56 chromosomes? |
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Definition
| No 28 replicated chromosomes |
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Term
| Compare amount of DNA to a cell that is at the beginning of Meiosis 1 and a cell at the end of Meiosis 2 |
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Definition
*****4:1 ratio
Cell at the beginning of meiosis 1:Diploid replicated
Cell after Meiosis 2: Haploid unreplicated |
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Term
| When does independent assortment occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Independent Assortment? |
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Definition
| The random arrangement of chromosomes on the metaphase plate. |
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Term
| How is genetic variability created |
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Definition
Crossing over
Independent assortment |
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Term
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Definition
Crossing over
exchange of genetic material
Occurs in Prophase 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairing of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
| Is there synapsis during Mitosis? |
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Definition
| No Mom and Dad pairs never find each other |
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Term
| What is density dependency? |
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Definition
| A cell won't divide over a neighboring cell. |
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Term
| What is anchorage cell dependance? |
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Definition
| A cell will not grow if not connected |
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Term
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Definition
A non sex cell
Not an X or Y |
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Term
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Definition
Wrong number of chromosomes
caused by an error in meiosis
1 or 2 too little or too much
down syndrom missing X most people don't survive |
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Term
| When do sister chromatids separate? |
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Definition
Mitosis: Anaphase
Meiosis 2: Anaphase 2 |
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Term
| When is a cell considered Haploid in Meiosis |
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Definition
| During Meiosis 1 Telophase 1 |
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Term
| Stroma is analogous to what? |
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Definition
| matrix in the mitochondria |
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Term
| Mitosis: starts off with what type of cell and ends with what type of cell? |
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Definition
Somatic cell Diploid
Diploid |
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Term
| Meiosis: Starts off with what type of cell and ends with what type of cell? |
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Definition
Somatic cell Diploid
Sex cell/germ cell Haploid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 pairs of chromosomes during Metaphase 1 in Meiosis 1 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2n
Mom and Dad in same cell |
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Term
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Definition
n
Mom and dad no longer in same cell |
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Term
Mitosis Prophase what occurs?
Is it replicated or un-replicated? |
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Definition
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Chromosomes condense/coil
Chromosomes are visible
Spindles form
It is replicated |
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Term
Mitosis: Metaphase what occurs?
Replicated or unreplicated? |
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Definition
Chromosomes line up at the Metaphase plate
Spindles attache to the kinetosphore region of the centromere where spindles attatch
If properly attached MAD genes signaled to continue division.
Replicated |
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Term
| Mitosis: Anaphase what occurs? |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids are pulled apart |
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Term
| Mitosis: Telophase what occurs? |
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Definition
2 new daughter cells are formed.
Genetically idenical
Diploid cells unreplicated
they get replicated during S phase |
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Term
| Cell cycle: 4 main parts: |
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Definition
| Interphase( G1 S G2) M phase/division phase |
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Term
| Cell cycle G1 what occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell cycle S phase, what occurs? |
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Definition
| Synthesizing DNA (duplicates DNA) |
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Term
| Cell cycle G2 phase, what occurs? |
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Definition
Grows again
checks for errors
proteins are made |
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Term
What is G0 and what does it do?
G0 is located: |
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Definition
A cell enters G0 if an error occurs
The cell is given a timeline to fix itself in G0
G0 is located in G1 G2 and M phase |
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Term
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Definition
Tumor suppressor gene
Controls cell suicide
If cell doesn't fix itself within its timeline P53 is initiated and the cell dies
Catches/eats mutations
In cancer p53 is turned off and can't suppress tumors |
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Term
| What powers the cell cycle? |
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Definition
Kinase enzyme
cyclin
CDK
MPF |
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Term
| CDK MPF binding causes what? |
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Definition
cell division
push cell into division
High=Divide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are telomeres?
What enzymes assist them? |
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Definition
tips of the chromosomes
They get shorter every time the cell divides
once they get too short the cell stops dividing
Telemorase: enzyme that assists telomeres |
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Term
| What are the 2 rules to cell division? |
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Definition
Density dependent inhibition
Anchorage Dependency |
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Term
| What is density dependent inhibition? |
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Definition
When cells meet/touch they stop dividing. (There is no more room to divide)
A cell will not divide onto a neighboring cell |
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Term
| What is Anchorage dependency? |
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Definition
| When cell breaks off its specific are (Ex cells that line the stomach) are it will stop dividing |
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Term
| Cancer cells defy which 2 rules? |
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Definition
Density dependent inhibition: Tumors are formed by a constant division and build up of cells.
Anchorage dependency: cancer cells spread to other parts of the body |
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Term
| What are the two types of cell death? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Normal cell death
You get scratched a new cell is formed
Telomere is shortened |
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Term
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Definition
Programed/signaled cell suicide
Sun burn
P53 is signaled |
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Term
| Mitosis the cell is _________ the whole time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis 2 the cell is ________ the whole time. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many daughter cells are yielded from Mitosis? |
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Definition
| 2 Identical Daughter cells |
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Term
| How many daughter cells are yielded from Meiosis? |
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Definition
4 Daughter cells not genetically indentical
with half the amount of DNA than the mother cell |
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Term
| Meiosis yields what type of cells? |
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Definition
Gametes-sex cells
Haploid n chromosomes |
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