Term
| Where would you find a lot of Golgi? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where would you find a lot of mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where would you find a lot of Smooth ER? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-lack nucleus
-cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and outer cell wall
-may have flagella and pili
-bacteria have cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
-complex internal structures (organelles)
-Membranous organelles: nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes
Non membraneous organelles: ribosomes, microtubules, centrioles, flagella, and cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| -plant cells: plasma membrane, cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplast |
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Term
| Four functional groups of organelles |
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Definition
Manufacture
Breakdown
Energy processing
Support, movement, communication |
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Term
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Definition
-genetic control center
-surrounded by double membrane
-nuclear pores allow passage of material to nucleus
-DNA present
-organelles within responsible for RNA synthesis
-nuclear laminant: holds nuclear membrane during division |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
contains ribosome synthesis
makes protein |
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Term
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Definition
synthesizes lipids
processes materials
acts as a storage and detoxifies substances
-EX liver cells |
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Term
| Vescicles: Synthesis and packing of secretory protien |
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Definition
Go to Golgi apparatus carry cargo in them
cells tell them where to go signals are sent to them |
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Term
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Definition
-UPS sorts, warehouses, modifies, packs, and reships substances.
-Recieves products from the ER (vescicles)
-modifies products that are sent to it in vesicles and sends them out
-Puts Zip codes on products so they know where to go in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
X chromosome
factor goes in vesicles and never goes to Golgi so that factor doesn't go into your blood |
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Term
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Definition
-contain corrosive enzymes *degrade
- if defective they cause fatal diseases
Tay Sacks disease
-help recycle material Ex liver cells
-work in your white blood cells
-neurological maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
-ribosomal risessive
they go backwards in development mentally
enzyme does not work in lysosome
nervous system cant be maintained |
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Term
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Definition
cell maintenance
plants hold organic substances
storage bin
only human cells with vacuoles are fat cells |
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Term
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Definition
powerhouse of the cell
double membrane
site of cellular respiration
inner membrane outer membrane
matrix and cristae |
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Term
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Definition
Mitochondria
ETC located on cell wall |
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Term
Cristae:
Matrix:
Intermembrane |
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Definition
-Inner membrane, folding within mitochondria
- between cristae
-between inner and outer membrane |
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Term
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Definition
detoxify
inside white blood cells
fry germs
take water turn it into hydrogen peroxide
take hydrogen and turn it into water by removing H |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Detoxification:
Degradation: |
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Definition
-Neutralizes something in reactions
-Chop something up into pieces |
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Term
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Definition
internal cell skelet
3 things
-microfilaments
-intermediates
-microtubioles |
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Term
| 3 components of the cytoskeleton and function |
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Definition
Microfilaments: Made of actin, makes them able to bear tension Ex muscles made of actin
-function: tension of cell muscle contraction
Intermediate: made of many types of proteins
-function: skeleton of the cell, more permanent fictures of cytoskeleton
Microtubule: Made of tubular, changes shapes can get longer or shorter by adding and removing subunits
-functions: things that can grow and get smaller
Ex-cilia, flagellum, microtubules move chromosomes apart |
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Term
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Definition
Cilia and Flagells
Structure consists of of 9 microtubule doubles around a central pair 9+2
LOOK AT SLIDES FOR MOVEMENT |
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Term
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Definition
| passes through the membrane easily without transporter |
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Term
| Large and Charged molecules: |
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Definition
| Need transport channels to pass through membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| water channel that lets water through |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 cells opposite dirrections |
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Term
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Definition
-embedded proteins (intergral proteins)
-cholesterol
-peripheral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chloridic channels dont work |
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Term
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Definition
integral: transmembrane go all the way through membrane. Amphipathic-charged and non charged regions
Peripheral proteins: membrane surface |
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Term
| The proxy that powers oxidative phsophoralation |
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Definition
| Kinetic energy when protons(Hydrogen) diffuse down the gradient (Facilitative Diffusion) |
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Term
Happy flower Wilted flower
What happened to the water in the wilted flower? |
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Definition
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Term
Celery was crisp then it wilted.
Why?
Celery was wilted then became crispy again |
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Definition
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution |
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Term
| For each glucose that enters glycolysis how many NADH are produced by Kreb cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acid valine is transported into the cell by a transporter. It does not recognize any other molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemiosmotic generation of ATP in the ETC is driven by? |
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Definition
Hydrogen gradient
Difference in concentration in both sides of the cristae |
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Term
X+ plus We- = Xe- plus W+
Which is oxidized?
Which is reduced? |
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Definition
none are oxidized
X is reduced because it had an electron then lost the electron to W |
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Term
| How many Co2 foe each pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Substrate phosphoralation occurs where? |
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Definition
-Krebbs Cycle
-Glycolosis
-Cytoplasm
-Matrix |
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Term
The enzyme (A) 1,4 catalyses (B) 1,3
If (B) 1,3 stops the reaction what is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When ATP is made by ATP synthase |
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Definition
H+ moves from inter membrane to the matrix
Inter membrane= high H+ concentration
matrix- low H+ concentration |
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Term
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Definition
oxidative phosphoralation
Chemiosmosis |
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Term
| In the ETC who is the final electron acceptor |
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Definition
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Term
| A balloon filled with a water concentration of 55% is put in a beaker of a solution that has a salt concentration of 70%. What happens to the balloon? |
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Definition
| The balloon shrinks and the water from the balloon goes into the solution. Going from High concentration of water to low. |
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Term
| What does phosphorolation do? |
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Definition
Increases chemical reactivity
increases potential energy
through high energy phosphate bond PO4 |
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Term
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Definition
L:Reactant/Substrate
->Enzyme
M: Intermediate
N:Product |
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Term
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Definition
NADH FADH
carriers from once cycle to the next |
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Term
If N binds to Enzyme 1 at its active site
what is ocuring? |
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Definition
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Term
If N stops Enzyme 1
What is occurring? |
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Definition
Negative feedback
feedback inhibition |
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Term
| What do glychoproteins do? |
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Definition
Cell to cell recognition
ID tag of cells
Peripheral protien |
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Term
| What do transmembrane proteins do? |
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Definition
Protein channels
intergal proteins
Amphypathic |
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Term
| What does cholesterol do? |
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Definition
| Protects against temperature change. |
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Term
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Definition
LDL is bad. Faulty receptors are supposed to pull LDL out of the blood into the live
HDL is good |
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Term
A->B->C DeltaG +6.1
What type of reaction is this? |
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Definition
Needs energy (Endergonic/anabolic reaction
Matching reaction to get energy:
R->S->T DeltaG -7.4 must be greater/equal to what is needed |
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Term
DeltaG is -70KCal
add enzymes and heat
What is the DeltaG now? |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver cells would contain a lot of? |
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Definition
Smooth ER
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes |
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Term
ATP->ADP+Pi+energy
What type of reaction is this? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tight junction
anchoring junction
gap junction |
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Term
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Definition
Joined tightly
Dont allow materials to pass from cell to cell
Ex-Stomach cells have tight junctions |
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Term
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Definition
Cells are temp/perm joined together
located in high friction areas
bottom of your feet |
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Term
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Definition
communicating opposite to tight cell
joined together
allow materials to flow from cell to cell |
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Term
| Diffusion/Passive Diffusion: |
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Definition
A substance moving from HIGH TO LOW
Does not need help
not charged substance can pass through membrane |
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Term
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Definition
HIGH TO LOW with the help of a protein
-EX intergral protein |
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Term
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Definition
When a substance goes from a LOW TO HIGH (against the gradient) with the help of ATP (energy)
endergonic/anabolic |
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Term
| Sodium Pottassium Pump NA K uses what? |
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Definition
| Antiport and active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| things are leaving the cell |
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Term
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Definition
things enter the cell
there are three types |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulated receptors on the outside of the cell determine what comes into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| High concentration of water and low solution concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low water concentration High solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
needs energy +DeltaG absorbs energy
also anabolic build up
Reactants have low energy
Products have high energy |
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Term
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Definition
-DeltaG
gives off energy
catabolic break down
Reactants have high energy
Product has low energy |
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Term
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Definition
energy cant be created or destroyed
Every energy transformation increases entropy everything goes through increase chaos |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that affect enzymes |
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Definition
pH
temperature
salt
co-factors
chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
block active site
substrate can't enter |
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Term
| Non competitive inhibitor |
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Definition
They bind to a secondary site
change the shape of the active site of an enzyme
substate cant bond with enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
Feedback inhibition
pathway is turned off
-excess of something so pathway is stopped
product binds with active site and turns it off |
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Term
| Poisons that affect the ETC |
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Definition
Brotenone
DNP
Caynide/CO
Oligomycin |
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Term
| Why do we breath in oxygen? |
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Definition
| to catch the hydrogen at the end of ETC to control hydrogen gradient |
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Term
| The oxygen (O) we breath bonds to |
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Definition
Cytochrome A3
and Hydrogen from the ATP synthase |
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Term
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Definition
| Poison that blocks the 1st protein channel in ETC |
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Term
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Definition
eats mitochondria (cristae/Innermembrane) creating holles
These wholes allow hydrogen to flow freely through the membrane causing the hydrogen gradient to be equalized.
Causes an increase in temperature turn RED |
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Term
| Cyanide/CO Carbon monoxide |
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Definition
| Poison binds to the hydrogen and Cytochrome A3 before O (oxygen) can |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks ATP synthase (last protein that spins) |
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Term
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Definition
Leo-Loses electrons oxidized
Girr-Gains hydrogen or electrons reduced |
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Term
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Definition
gains electrons/hydrogen
has potential energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Loses electrons or hydrogen |
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Term
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
which part of the equation is being oxidized? Why?
Which part of the equation is being reduced? why? |
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Definition
Carbon is being Oxidized because it lost Hydrogen
Oxygen is being Reduced because it gained Hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
Intermediaries
energy carriers
transport hydrogen to ETC |
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Term
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Definition
use hydrogen gradient used to power the synthesizing of ATP
Difference in concentration in between cristae
Chemiosmotic phosphorolation |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphate is added to ADP yielding ATP NADH FADH |
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Term
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Definition
10 steps
1-5 endergonic
6-10 exergonic make ATP NADH
cytoplasm
for 1 glucose + phospate yields:
-2 ATP
-2 NADH
-2 Pyruvate (Glucose snaps in half)
-Carbons |
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Term
Krebs Cycle:
Purpose:
location: |
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Definition
To make NADH FADH
Matrix of mitochondria
2 turns=1 glucose --> 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4CO2
1 turn= 1 piruvate --> 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH 2CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
Most ATP is made here
cristae/inner membrane of mitochondria
Chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorolation powers synthesis of ATP
active transport through proteints
fascilitative diffusion in atp synthase
NADH is reduced protien is oxidized
hydrogen is pumped into the intermembrane highly acidic
then goes down the atp synthase fascilitated diffusion
oxygen with cyt waits to bond with hydrogen so hydrogen gradient can be preserved.
34 ATP is made with H20 as producs |
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Term
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Definition
| Krebs cycle does not like glucose. |
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Term
| Pyruvate is processed before going into the Kreb's cycle into what? |
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Definition
Pyruvate is stripped of carbon and releases CO2
modified by coenzyme A (CoA) in the matrix formingacetyl CoA this goes into the next cycle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Glycolysis
Takes place?
what's broken down?
Purpose:
Products:
Process: |
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Definition
Cytoplasm
Glucose
produce pyruvate
2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH
Substrate phosphororylation |
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Term
Kreb's cycle:
Takes place?
what's broken down?
Purpose:
Products:
Process: |
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Definition
Matrix
2 pyruvate to acetyl Coa
reduce NAD FAD to NADH FADH
6NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH 4CO2
Substrate level phosphorolation |
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Term
ETC
Takes place?
what's broken down?
Purpose:
Products:
Process: |
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Definition
Cristae Inner Membrane
NADH FADH
Make ATP
ATP water
Oxidative Phosphorylation chemiosmosis |
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