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| the sum of all chemical reactions that an organism carries out |
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| the ability to do work (bring about movement against an opposing force) |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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| energy is never gained or lost, but is only transformed (often into heat) |
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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| all energy transformations are inefficient-the amount of usable energy in the universe is decreasing and the amount of entropy is increasing |
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| release energy (reactants have more energy than the products) |
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| require energy (products have more energy than the reactants) |
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| a substance that has lost one or more electrons |
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| a substance that has gained one or more electrons |
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| proteins that speed up chemical reactions, and lower the amount of energy required to start them (activation energy) |
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| a substance being worked on by the enzyme |
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| substance that interferes with an enzyme's activity |
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aerobic harvesting of energy from molecules by cells
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATPs |
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Nad and FAD accept electrons and hydrogens to become NADH and FADH2
Deliver electrons and hydrogens to the electron transport chain |
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| Glycolysis, Second Stage Reactions (Preparatory Reactions, Krebs Cycle), Electron Transport Chain |
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| takes place in the cytosol; glucose-->pyruvate; net production of 2 ATP molecules per 1 molecule of glucose; NADs also converted to NADHs |
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| Preparatory Reactions; Krebs Cycle |
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| takes place in the mitochondria; NAD reduced to NADH; Pyruvate changed to acetyl units and CO2 |
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| takes place in the mitochondria; Net production of 2 molecules ATP; Acetyl CoA-->Carbon Dioxide; NAD reduced to NADH; FAD reduced to FADH2 |
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| takes place in the mitochondria; production of 32 ATP; NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETC (electrons are passed down a chain of proteins); Electron transport chains pump hydrogen ions across an inner membrane of the mitochondria; hydrogen ions accumulate on one side of the membrane; movement of H ions across the membrane through transport proteins provides energy (transforms ADP into ATP); Oxygen keeps the transport chains clear by withdrawing spent electrons at the end of the chain; oxygen then binds w/ 2 electrons and 2 H to form water |
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| does not use oxygen; produce less ATP; Products produced include lactic acid and beer (alcohol) |
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Opposite of Respiration
6CO2 + 12H2O --> C6H1206 + 6H2O +6O2 |
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| producers; produce their own food; plants, algae, bacteria |
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| contain chlorophyll and accessory pigments |
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| flattened membrane bound sac in the interior of a chloroplast |
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| fluid within the chloroplast; surrounds the thylakoids |
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| pores in the leaf that let carbon dioxide in and water and oxygen out |
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| molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect/transmit others |
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| main pigments of photosynthesis; absorb all wavelengths of light except yellow/green and green wavelengths (reflect them) |
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| carotenoids, anthocyanins |
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| sunlight is absorbed, then 2 chlorophyll molecules (reaction center) transform solar energy into chemical energy |
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| Light Dependent Reactions |
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| take place in the thylakoid; convert solar energy into ATP and NADPH; H2O is split to produce oxygen |
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| Light Independent Reactions |
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| Calvin-Benson Cycle; takes place in the stroma; CO2 is consumed; ATP and NADPH are used to produce glucose |
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| Carbon dioxide traps heat and warms up the air |
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| combination of DNA and protein molecules |
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| formed when chromatin coils up when it is about to divide-contains cell's DNA; humans have 46, 23 homologous pairs |
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| before DNA divides, it duplicates its chromosomes forming identical copies |
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| Interphase, Mitotic Phase |
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