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Biosphere, ecosystem, communities, populations, organisms, organ and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules
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| differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic |
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pro does not have nucleus and are single-celled
euk have nucleus |
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- Most primitive, earliest form of life
- Do not have a pre-defined nucleus
- Chromosomes are dispersed in the cytoplasm
- Contain no membrane-bound organelles
- Have circular chromosomes and lack histone proteins
- Most metabolically diverse
- Small - typically 0.2-2.0 micrometers in diameter
- Have a primitive cytosketetal structures or don't have a cytoskeleton at all
- Smaller (70S) ribosomes
- Don't undergo meiosis but reproduce sexually by the transfer of DNA fragments through conjugation
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- More complex, evolved organsims
- Contain true nuclei in which chromosomes are compacted as chromatin
- Contain membrane-boundorganelles
- Have linear DNA and contain histone proteins
- Larger - typically 10-100 micrometers in diameter
- Have a complex cytosketeton
- Larger (80S) ribosom
- Reproduce sexually with the use of meiosis
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| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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- Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
- Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya, the Archaea have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages (see Fig. 1).
- The cell walls of Archaea contain no peptidoglycan.
- Archaea are not sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Bacteria, but are sensitive to some antibiotics that affect theEukarya.
- Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Bacteria and Eukarya.
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Definition
- Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
- Like the Eukarya, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages (see Fig. 1).
- The cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain peptidoglycan.
- Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are resistant to most antibiotics that affect Eukarya.
- Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Eukarya.
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Term
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Definition
- Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.
- Like the Bacteria, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages (see Fig. 1).
- Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but for those Eukarya having a cell wall, that wall contains no peptidoglycan.
- Eukarya are resistant to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are sensitive to most antibiotics that affect eukaryotic cells.
- Eukarya contain rRNA that is unique to the Eukarya as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Bacteria.
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| 4 kingdoms in domain of eukarya |
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Definition
| protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
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| Protista are simple, predominately unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and protozoans. |
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| Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell types. The cells have cell walls but are not organized into tissues. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through absorption. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds. |
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| Plants are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption. Examples include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. |
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| Animals are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion. Examples include sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates. |
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| proton, neutron, electron |
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| same chemical element, with diff number of neutrons |
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| A bond in which a pair of electrons is shared in common between two atoms, but the pair is held more closely by one of the atoms. i.e water |
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The molecule methane has four Carbon-Hydrogen single covalent bonds. These covalent bonds are called nonpolar covalent bonds because
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| In short, it is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions. such as na+cl- |
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on a water molecule oxygen atom is slightly electronegative and H atoms slightly electropositive-why- because oxygen being a bigger atom can attract electrons from H more strongly making it more negative
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