Term
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Definition
| A membrane that is derived from host cell membranes and encloses the capsid |
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Term
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Definition
| The larger organism in a symbiotic relationship; often provides food and a home for the smaller symbiont |
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide layer that surrounds the cell wall and allows the cell to adhere to substrates or other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The short hairlike appendages of prokaryotic cells that allow them to adhere to things |
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Term
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Definition
| The limited assortment of species that a particular virus can infect |
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Term
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Definition
| a staining method that helps to distinguish between gram-negative (more complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan, usually more toxic) and gram-positive (less complex, more peptidoglycan, usually less toxic) |
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Term
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Definition
| The protein shell that encloses a viral genome |
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Term
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Definition
| An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the flagellum that is actively moving |
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Term
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Definition
| An infectious particle that is incapable of replication outside of a host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Different ways that alleles can line up during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| An infectious agent that causes disease or illness in its host |
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Term
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Definition
| When alleles line up, parts of the chromosomes can "cross over" and exchange genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between two organisms living in direct and intimate contact |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes are very similar and line up with each other during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent) |
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Term
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Definition
| less complex, more peptidoglycan, usually less toxic |
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Term
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Definition
| The final stage of mitosis; cytokinesis has begun |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (IE sperm) |
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Term
Proteobacteria
(Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon) |
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Definition
Gram-negative
Alpha: associated with eukaryotic hosts, mitochondria evolved from alpha proteobacteria
Beta: Nutritionally diverse
Gamma: Sulfur bacteria
Delta: Slime-secreting
Epsilon: pathogenic to animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis I - separates homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial parasites that can live only within animal cells, gram-negative, lack peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| The completion of telophase, the cell wall pinches into two separate cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad environmental range archea |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes line up at cell equator |
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Term
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Definition
| Use CO2 to oxidize H2, producing methane waste. Poisoned by O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope falls apart, spindles form |
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Term
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Definition
| Live in highly acidic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Live in highly saline enviroments |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| spindles pull the chromatids apart during anaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| Live in very hot environments (near boiling) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome x shaped, made up of two sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of genes from one species to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates cells with only half of the chromosomes of parent cells. These cells are then used in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| A surface-coating colony of one or more prokaryotic species that engage in metabolic cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that creates two identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic material of an organism or virus |
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Term
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Definition
| The tail like part of the flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesis ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and eventually becomes an organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of N2 to ammonia, carried out by some prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that uses oxygen when it it present and switches to anaerobic respiration if oxygen is not present |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that must live away from the presence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that does not (have to) use oxygen to live |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelles are, by definition, membrane bound. They have a specific, specialized function within a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a virus enters a cell, forces the cell to reproduce viral DNA, and then breaks the cell open to release new viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that uses oxygen to live |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial DNA is transferred between bacteria by means of a virus |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that feeds off of another organism, harming the other organism in the process |
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Term
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Definition
| A "new" disease that comes from the rapid evolution of infectious agents. A host of other environmental factors can also contribute to emerging diseases, ie reduced immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism that feeds off of dead of decaying matter |
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Term
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Definition
| A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome, causing passive replication via the host cells' replication |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that requires organic molecules for both energy and carbon (ex: humans) |
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Term
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Definition
| Replicates its own RNA into DNA that can be inserted into a host cell's chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that uses light to generate ATP but must consume organic molecules for its carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of prokaryotic flagellum that angles the flagella so that it functions as a propellor |
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Term
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Definition
| human immunodeficiency virus, causes AIDS, retrovirus |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and needs only CO2 as a carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on a bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis or organic compounds from CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks off from the lytic cycle - virus senses that a cell will reproduce soon and inserts its DNA into the host's chromosome: viral DNA is replicated by the cell and spread via cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| New properties that arise in organisms as complexity increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of "super domain" prokarya |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugar polymer that helps make up bacterial cell calls |
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Term
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Definition
| second broadest taxonomic category (after domain) |
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Term
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Definition
| cilia-like appendages on an F-plasmid containing bacterial cell that allows DNA to be transferred from one bacterial cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest taxonomic category. Contains bacteria, archaea, and eukaryia |
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Term
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Definition
| (Plasmid: the small, circular strand of DNA that exists outside of bacterial DNA.) The F plasmid codes for fertility (sex pili) |
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Term
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Definition
| any given named taxonomic unit |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct transfer of prokaryotic DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the two cells are different species, this is called "horizontal gene transfer" |
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Term
| Hierarchical Classification |
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Definition
| Organisms grouped into progressively larger and broader categories |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of "super doman" prokarya |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in genotype/phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Two part latin names for each species - genus + species epithet |
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Term
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Definition
| A thick coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells in harsh conditions. Endospores are nearly impossible to kill and have little to no metabolic activity, allowing them to "return to life" after long periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Layered rock that forms as a result of prokaryotic organisms binding together thin films of sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| site where the replication of a DNA molecule beings |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms will cells that contain a nucleus and organelles (membrane bound parts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction by "dividing in half" |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound oreganelles |
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Term
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Definition
| small, circular strand of DNA that exists outside of bacterial DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| autotrophic organisms evolved that thrived in a CO2 rich atmosphere. There organisms released O2, which led to the rapid oxygenation of the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| The cellular structure that contains an organism's DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion of the cell outside of the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Single stranded genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
| rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded, paired genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protective boundary that surrounds the rest of the cell. Made of polysaccharides (plants and protists); chitin (fungi); peptidoglycan (bacteria) |
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Term
|
Definition
| membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| domain that includes all eukaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Early earth's oxygen-deprived atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| exists at cell's boundary and regulates chemical transfer |
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Term
|
Definition
| "pre-cells" with membrane structure and distinct internal chemistry |
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Term
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Definition
| Area where DNA in concentrated in a prokaryotic cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| A large molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules (ie polysaccharides, proteins, & nucleic acids) |
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Term
|
Definition
| long cellular appendage used for locomotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mimicked early earth environment, building blocks of life formed. There is some controversy surrounding whether or not early earth conditions were adequately mimicked |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uses nucleic acids and other molecules to infer evolutionary relationships between species |
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Term
|
Definition
| arranging of nonliving particles that led to early forms of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| the discipline of naming and classifying life forms |
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Term
|
Definition
| more complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan, usually more toxic |
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