Term
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Definition
20 Amino acids
All contain nitrogen
H
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NH2 - C - COOH
-
R (1-20) Sometimes charged causing bending & folding
Join together in chains to form polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
Primary: Chain, alpha helix
Secondary: Sheet, beta pleated
Tertiary: Interactions of the R groups due to polarity - how it folds
Quaternary: Interactions of different polypeptides present in protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Links a diglyceride to a non lipid group. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double layer of phospholipids which forms the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
Force behind the desire to keep independent from environment
Maintenance of relatively stable conditions within internal environment regardless of external environment. |
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Term
| Negative feedback process |
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Definition
Change >
Sensory Recptors (specific) >
Integrator (makes decisions) >
Effectors (does things) >
Communication >
Change>
etc |
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Term
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Definition
Striated: Multiple nuclei, skeletal muscle
Smooth: Internal. Intestine / bowel. Lenticular (lens) shaped
Cardiac: Combines striated and smooth, only found in heart. |
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Term
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Definition
Nerves
Associated cells
Communication and intetgration |
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Term
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Definition
Cells which form membranes or glands - lining tissue
GLued together to form barriers |
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Term
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Definition
LArge amounts of extracellular material between cells.
Different shapes perform different functions.
Catilage
Bone
Blood
COnnective tissue proper (everything else) |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of at least 2 primary tissues & serve specific functions
Have organ systems
Organ systems become an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Plasma membrane
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid (interstitial)
Cytoplasm divides into cytosol and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of molecules though cell membranes against concentration gradient.
Example would be sodium / potassium pump.
Can use ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the phospholipid bilayer. |
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Term
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Definition
Transport of vesicles - waste and hormones.
Begins in the Golgi bodies.
Substance enclosed in phospholipids which can then work through the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption of external products into cell through creation of vesicles in external phospholipid bilayer. |
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Term
| Cell organelles: Nonmembranous |
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Definition
Cytoskeleton - internal protein framework gives strenght
Microtubules - protein structures used to create cytoskeleten & used for transport.
Microvilli - created by microtubules, increase surface area for rapid diffusion.
Cilia - motile or non motile. Motile have 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by a central pair, can contract. Ciliated epithelial cells communicate via eicosanoids.
Ribosomes: Produce protein according to RNA. |
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Term
| Cell organelles - membraneous |
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Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Interconnected network of membrane vesicles.
Rough ER: Contains ribosomes, creates tertiary and quaternary proteins.
Smooth ER: site for storage, synthesis & reactions.
Mitochondria: produces ATP
Golgi body: Synthesise carbs & packages bits in membranes.
Lysosomes: sacks of digestive enzymes, used as defensive mechanism.
Mitochondria: Produce ATP, 1:36 |
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Term
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Definition
Eukaryotic: Have nucleus, make living things,
Prokaryotic: No nucleus, bacteria. Chromatin not separated from from cytoplasm , no membranous organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
Usually largest structure of cell.
Controls protein synthesis via DNA / RNA
Skeletal muscle has many nuclei
Surrounded by nuclear membrane, double layer separated by perinuclear space. |
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Term
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Definition
Contains all genetic information through different combinations of the 4 bases.
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.
a pairs with t (t&a)
c pairs with g (g&c)
Phosphate deoxyribose backbone with molecule, paired with corresponding molecule with hydrogen bonds.
The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose, which is a pentose (five-carbon) sugar. |
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Term
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Definition
DNA read & recoded by m(essenger)RNA.
a>uracil
c>g
g>c
t>a
Adanine pairs with uracil, replacing thymine.
RNA contains ribose, different pentose sugar.
RNA gets read by ribosomes which then produce the correct protein. |
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Term
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Definition
64 combinations code for 20 different amino acids.
3 letters together forms a codon (e.g: GTA)
1x codon = 1x amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| String of codons the size of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. |
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