What is Flora?

Plants

What is Fauna?

Animals

Name the 8 different ecosystems

Keyword = FOCTADL

Artic Area 

Desert

Forest

Temperate / Tropical Rain /Evergreen/ Econifer forest

Coral reef

Ocean

Lake

What are the 3 types of energy?

Potential

Kinetic

Heat

True or False, Energy is required for all living things?

True

What is the difference between Catabolic reactions and Anabolic reactions?

Catabolic reactions = Energy is released

Anabolic reactions = Energy stored

What are units of energy?

Calories

This is the amount of heat that is required to heat up one gram of water to 1 degree centigrade.  It is a unit of energy used to express a quantity of heat.

Calorie

What does the large "C" in Calories represent?

Calories with a large C used to heat up 1000 grams of water 1-degree centigrade or also known as a kilo calorie. = to 1000 calories with a small c.

Define Ecology

Ecology is the study of the organism in relation to other organisms and it’s environment or It’s the study of the organism and it’s environmental relationships.

Ecosystem

This is a collection of plants and animals and the physical environment with which they interact.

How do ecosystems vary?

They vary in size, climate (long term) weather (short term)

 This can be defined as the ability to do work

Energy

This represents energy

Food

 These are the different classes of organisms

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Auxotrops

What type of organism are green plants considered and what do they engage in?

Autotrophs and autotrophy 

They make their own food

The process where light from the sun is converted into food is called

Photosynthesis

This is where glucose is made.

Organisms which are dependent on preformed sources of food are called 

Heterotrophs

They obtain their energy from other sources and require organic material where the carbon is already synthesized.

Heterotrophs engage in the process called

Cellular Respiration

Auxo-trophs are organisms which require a _________ amount of already synthesized organic material.

Slight

  Types of Auxotrophs include

bacteria 

Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants in which process?

Photosynthesis 

The products made from photosynthesis are

Glucose and oxygen

True or false

Photosynthesis is a single step process

False

All the numerous steps are catalyzed by enzymes

 Chloroplasts are an organelle that contains which pigment? 

 The green pigment is known as chlorophyll 

What traps the light energy of the sun in the photosynthesis process?

The Chlorophyl pigment

What are the different types of Chlorophylls? 

Chlorophyll A

Chlorophyll B

Heterotrophs are involved in a process that is the reverse of photosynthesis called

Cellular Respiration (not the same as breathing) Occurs on the cellular level in mitochondria. In the mitochondria which are organelles which are found in the cell of humans and animals. 

What is the opposite of of photosynthesis?

Cellular Respiration

Animals or heterotrophs eat glucose and breath in oxygen and the products given off are carbon dioxide and water which are necessary for photosynthesis 

What are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

What is the purpose of Mitochondria?

The produce ATP molecules.  

What is the energy currency of the cell?

ATP or Adenosine Tri Phosphate is the energy currency of the cell.

Where is ATP stored? 

It can be stored in cells, unlike glucose which is used up.  It's a high-energy molecule that can break down into ADP + P + energy.  

True or False?

Whenever we remove a phosphate group, a large amount of energy is released.

True

How is ATP produced?

ATP is made in the process of cellular respiration

ADP is an abbreviation for what?

Adenosine Di Phosphate

ADP can be broken down into

AMP + phospherous + energy

Adenosine Di Phosphate

AMP stands for 

Adenosine Mono Phosphate

In any ecosystem, we have trophic levels which are levels of

nourishment

What are the 4 Trophic Levels?

1.  Autotrophs (green grass or Non-consumers)

2.  Heterotrophs (Primary Consumers) get energy by consuming an autotroph (Grasshopper) 

3.  Heterotrophs (Secondary consumers robin eats grasshopper which eats grass)

4. Heterotrophs (Tertiary Consumers) get their energy indirectly) Hawk or Eagle

The food Chain can be described as

The grazers eat the plants

The predators eat the grazers

The higher order predators eat the lower order predators.

True or False?

In most ecosystems there is a direct food chain that represents a straight line.

False

It's a Food Web where every organism is consuming another in order to get its energy to stay alive

A food web can be defined as

The actual pattern of food consumption in a natural ecosystem.

Organisms can be classified another way (not autotrophs, heterotrophs or auxotrophs) according according to their diet.

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Saprophytes 

What is a Saprophyte?

Organisms which live on dead or decaying matter like Bacteria, fungi, snails, roundworms (nematodes).  

Why are Saprophytes important?

They live on dead or decaying matter and are responsible for cycling the nutrients in the soil.

Saprophytes are also known as

Trinovores 

True or False?

Dogs and Cats are omnivores

False,

Dogs and cats are carnivores

Define Detritus

Detritus

is the non-living organic matter in an ecosystem such as black soil containing and aerated by insects and spiders.

Organisms which consume detritus are known as 

Detritus Feeders (Saprophytes)

Define Bio-Mass

The total mass of organic matter present at one time in an ecosystem.

True or False?

The available energy decreases with each level of consumption.

 True

From 1000 calories of light, plant stores 5 calories,

A plant is eaten by grazer and grazer stores 1/2 calorie and grazer is eaten by a predator which stores even less.

What is a nutrient cycle?

Nutrients are cycled where waste from one organism is used as food for another organism.  Materials don't accumulate. 

Name some of the nutrient cycles

Oxygen

Carbon

Nitrogen

phosphorous

Sulpher

Describe the oxygen cycle

Describe the Carbon Cycle

With large deposits of CO2 going into the ocean, what happens to the ocean?

It becomes more acidic.  The PH changes and becomes acid.

When CO2 evaporates and combines with salt water it becomes

Carbonate

Carbon can be found in many sources like

Limestone

oil shale

oceans

Fossil fuels coal and Oil (non-renewable)

dead organic matter

atmosphere

terrestrial plants

plankton

The atmosphere has about 80% Nitrogen (N2) but this N2 cannot be used directly with most organisms like plants.  It has to be converted into Nitrogen compounds which are readily used by plants.  

How is N2 or atmospheric nitrogen converted into nitrogen compounds which make it usable for organisms like plants?

The process of lightning 

Process of Photosynthesis

Fertilizer factories

some organisms called nitrogen fixers

What is a nitrogen fixer?

bacteria

Algae

True or False,

Nitrogen is not a very important element and is not essential to animals and plants? 

False,

It's very important because nitrogen is a constituent of protein.  There is 4x more nitrogen in the atmosphere than oxygen.

Most of the common forms of soil nitrogen that can be readily used by plants are

NO2(Nitrite)- NO3 (Nitrate)- NH3 (Amonia) and NH4+ (Ammonium Ion)

Can we go from nitrogen compounds back to atmospheric nitrogen?

Yes, it happens by fire or denitrifying bacteria

The following minerals are used in the Mineral Cycles many times before they are completely used up

phosphorus

calcium

sodium

potassium

magnesium

Iron 

What is an Aquatic Biome?

Ocean

River

estuary

Traditionally the term Biome was defined as

The largest ecological unit on land such as a forest, mountain, swamp.  They have a certain temperature, climate which determines specific type of vegetation.

It;s a large stable terrestrial (on land) ecosystem

Some different types of forests are

Temperate Rain Forests

Tropical

Coniferous

Evergreen

What is a realm?

It's a geological unit containing many biomes and species of plants and animals are indigenous to each realm like Australia.

 What are the 7 Realms on earth?

Ecology

This is a collection of plants and animals and the physical environment with which they interact.

Ecosystem

Ecosystems vary in size by climate (long term) and weather (short term).

What is a biosphere?

Biosphere is the regions that entail all of the life supporting portions of earth plus earth's atmosphere.  Ecosystems are part of the biosphere.

What are the 3 Principals of sustainability?

1.     Reliance on solar energy: because it’s abundant and          renewable.

2.     Protection of biodiversity: because we don’t want to          push or become threatened and push our biological            diversity into extinction.

3.     Nutrient cycling: we need to reuse and recycle                  nutrients

1. Ocean

2. Freshwater ecosystems

3. Estuaries

4. Terrestrial Ecosystems

5.   Climax

6.   Ecotone

7.  

19,000 feet

the first 650 feet that the sunlight can penetrate.

Primary autotrophs are the one-celled phytoplankton which are plant-like have chlorophyll and carry on photosynthesis.  Primary Autotrophs predators are not the sharks they are the zooplankton.  

Zooplankton like to eat phytoplankton.  Zooplankton are preyed upon by phish, mammals, invertebrates reptiles and they are very small.  They range from sizes .2 millimeters – 20 millimeters.

Benthic species called the Neudi-branch (crawling animal at the bottom) and sea anemones (Plant like) Some creatures live below light zone who create their own light.

This ecosystem touches the ocean and is also close to land and fresh water.  Not all salt and not all fresh.  Act as nurseries for deep water fish because it is a safe environment.

What are some examples of estuaries and some of their characteristics?

Examples of estuaries are:

Title marshes (Hackensack meadowlands),

River mouths (Hudson river)

costal bays (Hudson bay in northern Canada).

1. Estuaries have easy access to the sea,

2. High concentration and retention of nutrients originating from land and sea.

3. Offer protective shelter to organisms.

4 They contain rooted plants in shallow water.

What are some examples of Terrestrial Ecosystems?

1. Tropical Rain Forests 5% of earth: specific species found nowhere else.  Being deforested at a rapid rate. Rainforests emit oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.

2. Deserts and can be hot or cold.  All are dry can be barron and have plants, different species, rainfall is less than 10 inches a year Africa and Nevada.

3. Prairies with buffalo, bison, large prairie in Alberta Canada. Chicago was a prairie. Prairie dogs and no trees.

4. Savannas tall grasses, Africa with Lions stalking the cheetahs and antelopes.  Some fire-resistant trees, rainfall is about 40-60 inches per year with annual wet and dry seasons.

5. Tundra cold, plants, not trees, Arctic fox, hare and ptarmigan bird 50 farengheight, Alaska, Canada.  Tundra is north of the Taiga.

6. Taiga is warmer than Tundra, with deer, moose, buffalo, caribou, elk, rodents and lynx and wolves, mountain lions, pumas, cougars.

7. Various forests are found south of the Taiga in USA.  30-60 inches of rain per year.  Average temp is 65 Fahrenheit.

What isa climax?

Climax is a stable ecosystem (redwood Forest in California bark is fire resistant)

What is an Eco Tone?

Eco tone is a border ecosystem between 2 ecosystems. It has more animals and plants in the Eco tone that either of the neighboring ecosystems.

Estuaries are Eco tones.

What are ecological disrupters?

Disrupters can be migration, flood, drought, climate, frost.  The ecosystem has regulatory mechanisms to survive the disruptors

What can be considered the balance of nature?

What forest in California would be considered a stable ecosystem with little to no change?

Stable ecosystems have little overall change like the redwood forest in California.  Stress is any stimulus in the external or internal environment.

List all 16 versions of Early Man.

1.  Pliopithicus

2.  Proconsul

3.  Dryopithecus

4.  Oreopithicus

5.  Ramapithicus

6.  Australiapithicus

7.  Homohalibus

8.  Paranthropus

9.  Advanced Austrailipithicus

10. Homo Erectus

11. Early Homo Sapien

12. Solo Man

13. Rhodesian Man

14. Neanderthal Man

15. Cromagnon Man

16. Homo Sapien Sapien

1.   Dental Archearlier Hominids was rectangularmodern man has a parabola type arch.

2.   2.   Position of the Foramen Magnum (hole in the skull) was far back and forced him to be a quadruped.  Modern man was more in the Center inferior surface to stand erect.

3.  Brow Ridges in the earlier form was very pronounced thick ridge underneath the eyebrows to keep rain from getting in the eyes.  Over time, the brow ridges disappeared.

4.     K-9 Cuspid 1 in each quadrant and it was much sharper used to tear flesh and show teeth for defense against the enemy. Much sharper than modern man.  Diminution in size as time progressed. 

1492    .25  Billion

1650    .50  billion

1950  2.50  billion

1975  4.00  billion

1987  5.00  billion

1991  5.40  billion

2016  7.00  billion

True or False

Growth has been continuous and relatively progressive from the beginning of civilization?

False

Growth has not been continuous. Affected by disease, war, famine and natural calamities have affected the world population.  

Name some of the adverse effects that take place with increased population. 

Eventually population will slow down or stop because of the following limitations

1.     Limitations in space

2.     Limitations in Nutrition

3.     Famine and Disease

4.     Social forces like Chinese can only have 1 child

5.     Decision of nations and Decisions of families

6.     Temperature variations

7.     Oxygen levels

8.     Economics

Who was Thomas Robert Malthus and what did he say?

Thomas Robert Malthus English Economist said populations would surpass food supplies but hasn’t happened because of technology. 

Who wrote Essay on the Principal of Population?

Thomas Robert Malthus

 He wrote “Essay on the Principal of Population” in 1798.  He predicted that any uncontrolled population would outgrow the food supply.  He was correct that there are limits to earth’s capacity to support it’s people but incorrect about food supply.  Because of modern agricultural techniques, we can feed everyone.

Describe the 5 Population Growth Curves.

Arithmetic – as time increases so does the population (looks like 45 degree angle)

Geometric – minimal increased in size and then a rapid growth "U" Shape.

Oscillating curve – Ups and downs in population size

S shaped curve or sigmoid curve

Extinction curve

What are the 2 scientific studies that look at population growth?

There are 2 scientific studies that look at population growth:

2.     2.  Population Ecology

This is a branch of Sociology and Anthropology and they look at total size of population, density, number of deaths, number of births, disease and migrations of human populations.

Demography

How do Demographers show how populations change? 

By in time by counting the number of vital events like 1. births,2. deaths marriages and migrations.

Population Ecology

What are the top 3 countries in terms of population?

China 1.3 Billion

India 1.1 Billion

U.S. 306 million

 This is age and sex of a composition of population which effects a growth rate.  Birth and death rate effect growth rate. Deaths vary by age and by sex.  If most of population is in teen years we can assume population will grow.

Distribution

4.     Rate of Natural Increase 

Describe Absolute Difference

1.     Absolute Difference - in 1975 US had 213 million, in 1950 there was 152 million.  Just Subtract years from each other.  The Absolute difference is 61 million people.

Describe Rate of Growth

   Rate of Growth – math equation in photo 213-152 divided by 152 x 25 years = 1.6% per year.

Describe the 3 types of population pyramids

are:

3.     Pinched base shows population declining. Sweden in early 1960’s

In 2014 What were the 3 largest countries in terms of population?

(2014)

China has 1.3 B

India has 1.2 B

Euro Union 511 M

In 2014 what were the 2 countries with the highest life expectancy rates and where was the U.S. on the list?

3.     (42) is USA 79.56

What is Total Fertility Rate and who had the highest in 2014?

2014 Total fertility rate is how many children a woman will have in her lifetime if birth rates remain constant for one generation.

2.     Number 123 USA 2.01 children

What is Total Infant Mortality Rate and what country had the highest number in 2014?

 Afghanistan with 117 of every 1,000 will die

USA was 169th and we are 6.17 will die out of 1,000

As it pertains to tests, Demographers look at 2 items

Demographers look at:

Validly -  is does the test measure what it’s supposed to measure

Reliability - is consistent results of tests.  Can results of a test be duplicated?  Retake SAT after good score

True or False?

After 1990 highest life expectancy was Japan and now Japan is number 3 to Monaco and Macau.

True

What does Before Transition Mean?

Before Transition – means very high birth rate and high death rate. First stage and Few children survive hazards of disease or childhood to become reproducing adults. Afghanistan and Angola were in a before transition state 1965-1970

What Does After Transition mean?

After transition = low birth rate and a low death rate. The population is either stable or slowly growing.  In 1964 this was Switzerland and Netherlands.

this is a period of very rapid population growth because of combined effect of falling death rate and constant birth rate. In 1974 the USA and Spain were undergoing this type of transition. 

This is Demographic Transition 

Overall Growth Rate in the world in the middle of 1969 was about 2%.  

With population policies

What is an example of Government Intervention in India?

India they raised the minimum marriage age to shorten child bearing years or compulsorily sterilization for men after 2 or more kids. 

What is an example of Government Intervention in France, Belgium, Netherlands and England?

Birth control was legal.  In France Belgium and Netherlands had semi-legal birth control and couples could practice birth control for health reasons.

What was an example of Government Intervention in Italy, France, Spain and Ireland in the late 70's?

Italy, Ireland, Spain birth control is illegal (Roman Catholic countries)

Late 70’s in France they had government programs that would give subsidies and benefits for larger families. Because of WWI and WWII loss of many men.

]

What did Singapore do in the late 70's as an example of government intervention?

Late 70’s in Singapore, they provided paid maternity leave for only 2 births and only first 4 kids have access to choice primary education.

What did Romania and China do that was the opposite from each other regarding government intervention?

Romania  after WW2 had too few people.  They limited access to contraceptives.

China 1988-2000 city dwellers were only to have 1 child.  Rural areas if first child was female then could try for a second child as a male.  Males were more desired because of care of elderly.  Now this is changed and everyone is allowed to have 2 kids.

What are the 3 approaches to prevention of birth?

1.     Contraception like pills, IUD, diaphragm, spermicidal agents and condoms.

2.     Sterilization makes the individual incapable of fathering or conceiving a children.

3.     Induced abortion if you were pregnant and were over your child max.

Columbia and Republic of Ireland abortion was illegal

Guatemala and Indonesia abortion was legal to save life of mother.

Australia and West Germany abortion was legal to preserve the health of the mother.

Norway and Czech abortion was legal for eugenic reasons (horrible birth defects).

Poland and Argentina said abortion is allowed in cases of rape or incest.

USA, USSR and Liberal Denmark, abortion was permitted at mother’s request.

True or False?

Family Planning is the same as Birth Control?

False

Some countries have family planning.  Not the same of Birth Control.  Planning the size of your family.  Help is given to ones have problems conceiving and controlling the amount of births.  This is normal in Taiwan because they are an island.  Now has china is looming over their 

As of 1999 every time your heart beats (3) babies are born in world. 236,000 births a day.  84 million born a year. 

True or False?

World population growth dropped between 1963 and 1998 from 2.2% to 1.43%

True

China and India together make up 38% world population as of 1999.

In 1999 where does the U.S. stand in world population in relation to the rest of the world?

USA is 3^rd most populous nation as of 1999 we only have 4.6 % of world population. 

Projected world population 2025 is 8 billion people on earth.  There is exponential population growth.

The TFR has to drop to 2.1% for the world pop to stabilize.

True or False?

USA has lowest fertility rate and immigration rate than any industrialized nation. We are approaching 0 population growth.

False

USA has highest fertility rate and immigration rate than any industrialized nation. We are nowhere near 0 population growth.

True or False?

Each addition to the US population or world population has an enormous environmental impact? 

Properties of Gasses:

7.     Show little resistance to flow

What are some examples of noble gasses?

Examples of gasses are the noble gasses such as:

            Argon, Neon, Xeon and helium or (inert gasses.)

What are the properties of smoke?

Properties of Smoke:

c.     White smoke

Define Earth's Atmosphere

Earth’s atmosphere: defined as the gaseous that envelope or surrounds the earth.  Consists of air, mixture of gasses solid particles and liquid droplets.

78% nitrogen

21% oxygen

1% Other gasses like inert gasses, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen

Air has water vapor which is moisture and in the atmosphere, we can find significant examples like:

1. Suspended Particles

2. Living Particles

3. Pollutants

Define suspended particles

suspended particles like soot, pollen, dust, sand, dirt, bits of cloth, hair and skin.

Define Living Particles

L

iving particles in atmosphere like bacteria and viruses.

Define Atmospheric Pollutants

Pollutant is any substance that adversely affects air quality like ozone, carbon monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide and Nitric Oxide.

Gaseous pollutants are expressed as PPM or parts per million or PPB (Billion). Air can be contaminated with one part per billion of carbon monoxide. 

Particulates (solid) and the size of particles and their rate of settling.  Usually expressed as Total mass per unit volume of air. 

Concentration and toxicity of pollutants have a great effect.

Define Aerosol

1.     Aerosol: general term for particles suspended in the air like: dust (solid), mist (Liquid droplets),

This is a mixture of Fog and Smoke

Smog

This is made of carbon and carcinogenic

Soot

What are the 2 types or sources of air pollution?

Natural

Man Made

What are some natural pollutants?

Conifer trees that give off terpenes which is a volatile substance found in resins that give the air a blue color.

Forest Fires give off smoke with particles.

volcanoes give off particulate matter into the atmosphere.

Man Made can be mobile (cars) or stationary (power plants, industry, garbage dumps and agricultural burning). They give off bi-products which can be useful or hazardous.  

1.  Fly Ash which is smoke mixed with mineral matter. 

4.     NOX which are the oxides of nitrogen.  NO2 nitrogen dioxide it would appear as a reddish brown gas with a pungent odor.  Big problem in cities.

London / Industrial Smog

LA / Photo Chemical Smog

2.     Photo chemical Smog (LA Smog) It irritates your eyes. forms oxygen combines with UV light plus auto exhaust with smog.  Smells like ozone and yellow to brown in color and damages crops.  Common in LA and New York City and other cities with frequent sunshine. LA is surrounded by mountains and the air is stagnant.  Little circulation.  In the smog we can find carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide, the oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and Hydrocarbons.

tertiary or secondary pollutants.  Must occur in sunlight!! More dangerous!!  Sulfuric acid droplets, Nitric Oxide, Pan or Per-oxy acid al-nitrate and (ozone O3 this is bad on earth.) formaldehyde is carcinogenic, and acro line .

Sometimes in our atmosphere we can get a _________________________, which is a cool lower air layer that is trapped by a warmer upper air mass, cool air unable to rise and can only move laterally not upward.  If there are factories on the ground the smoke and the pollutants only move to the inversion layer.  SO2, hydrocarbons, and pollutants go up and move laterally.  In order to displace we need severe wind, rain or snow to break the layer.  It can build up like it did in Donora Pennsylvania mountains and factories and people were dying and dropping on the streets.  Government got involved immediately.

Temperature Inversion

True or False

In an atmospheric or temperature inversion the air is stagnant, pollutants get trapped and tall structures can pierce the inversion layer and the pollutants can be released. 

True

What are the 6 effects of Air Pollution?

1. Creates aesthetic problems

2. Acid rain or acid precipitation

3. Corrosive and soiling effects

4. Damage to vegetation

5. Effects on humans

6. Effects on climate and or atmosphere

True or False?

      Chronic health effects from air pollution are confused with aging and other environmental hazards.  Small dust particles in air pollution collect in the air sacks of the lungs and get in eyes as well.  Sulfur dioxide dissolves in the soft tissues of the mouth.  Nuisance effects associated with polluted air like dry mouth, itch eyes, nasty odors, dry eyes.

True

 This means if we have pollutant 1 and pollutant 2 we would expect pollutant the net toxic effect is much greater than anticipated.  Pollutant 3 is exponentially worse.  This would be an example of the Smokers in NYC .  It’s an interaction that produces more than a merely additive effect

Synergism

a. Ozone layer is depleted by fleuro carbons CFCL3, CF2, CL2 or Freon’s.  They are banned in the USA. Holes and thinning of the ozone layer.  Ozone is blue, explosive and poisonous. 

b.  Jet exhaust disturbs the chemistry of the stratosphere about 30 miles from earth. 

c.  Radiation may be reflected by airborne dust that may result in a cooling in the atmosphere.  Other scientists say radiation may become absorbed and causes a warming to the atmosphere. 

d.  The pollutant particles may change patters in precipitation. 

e. The greenhouse effect is the phenomenon CO2 absorbed in the atmosphere and conserved resulting in a warming of the surface of the earth.

1.      Some scientists estimate that the concentration of CO2 is increasing in the atmosphere.  Next 40 years will warm planet earth by .5 degrees centigrade.  Methane or CH4 and CO2 are building up.  Large amount of fossil fuels burning are causing this.  Climate Change is now the common term.

What is the purpose of Primary Air Pollution Standards?

They guard human health

What is the purpose of secondary air pollution standards?

   Secondary standards, deal with visibility like you can’t emit too much smoke, guarding plants and materials.

Emission standards are permissible limits for air pollution sources.  The time of exposure is important to alert people to protect themselves or to alert someone who is doing the pollution.  The longer the time you are exposed the less the permissible concentration.  Standards serve as a basis for constructing a PSI or pollution standard index.  PSI was developed by the environmental protection agency and DEP. It quickly summarizes air quality in one or two words Good or Satisfactory, unhealthful or hazardous.

What was the clean air act of 1963?

 Legislation was the Clean Air Act of 1963 and amendments in the 60’s and 70’s.  It established natural air quality standards and limited pollutants that factories can release.

1.     Air Quality Act 1967.  Local authorities were supposed to find a means to implement a standard.  EPA and government was the one who did the research and created the standards.

1.     In 1970 there was an important amendment to the act and this set the National Ambient Air Quality standards for 5 years into the future.  The government entered air quality management on a large scale.  The law said you are a new factory you are subject to this new law.  New amendments are added on from time to time.  Conflicting goals with environmentalist and business owners or economic development.  Does she have the right to spray isectcides or do we have a right to breathe clean air

Feb 1990 28 workers on the tri-borough bridge in NYC  fainted and vomited. Sweet smelling fumes.  Same month and year large fire in Canada on a mountain of rubber tires burned for days.  Fire was too large for fireman to put out burned for weeks emitted polluted air. 

True or False?

In car-clogged cities like LA and Mexico City, cars are responsible for 80-88% of air pollution.

 1 in 5 individuals in the world live in an area where the air is unsafe to breathe.

Photo Chemical smog is also called brown air smog.  Mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight.

Grey air smog is sulfuric acid, a variety of suspended particles and droplets, India and China where coal is burned extensively and they have inadequate control devices.

This is any chemical used to causes the death of a pest organism:

Pesticides

Insecticides

Fungicide

Herbicide

Nematocides

Rodenticides

led arsenate, DDT, organic chloride compounds, pyrethrum and rotenone.

Ingestion into digestive track. 

Absorbed through the body

Inhalation through respiratory system through sphyricals and tubes called trachea

 1. organo clorides,

2. organo phosphates,

3. Carbamates

4. natural pesticides.

These are also known as chlorinated hydrocarbons like chlordane, DDT, DDD and endrin.

Organo chlorides 

Organo phosphates

1.   Diazanon

2. Parathion

3. Malathion

Natural pesticides are extracts from living tissue from naturally occurring plants. Add nicotine and others

1.     Fungicides are agents which are toxic to fungi.  Have no flowers, leaves, chlorophyll.  Fungi is a kingdom and examples are  powdery mildews, Pen cilium, mushrooms, toadstools.  Fungicides act to prevent plant disease.  Sprayed on an area and disrupt normal functioning of cells in the fungi.  Examples are Coper sulfate CUS04 Organic mercury compounds like zinc chromate.

2.     Herbicides are the plant killers or weed killers or plant part killers which are designed to kill plants by contact, absorption or entering the roots,  If enter roots, plant can’t grow.  Some are carcinogenic or torano genic (causes abnormality).  Have become popular over last 20 years.  We know that weed control is necessary in farming but use has cause ecological imbalance and can lead to financial losses on farms.

DDT

What are some properties of DDT?

Properties of DDT are Application and persistence usually sprayed from airplanes very potent insect killer works well.  Very stable molecule and can affect other species and last a long time like years.  Very persistent!! Stays in the ecosystem and environment.  

  Shows trophic chain concentration.  Means it’s concentrated at higher concentration levels.  If eaten by one organism it can be stored in larger predator animal.  The physiological action in insects is a lethal poison.  Birds interfere with eggshell thickness or calcium deficiency.  Birds shell cracks before baby is ready.  Eagles, Ospreys.  Now the eggshell thinness is hopefully reversed.  More birds are hopefully coming.

This means there is an increase in the concentration of DDT or the concentration of PCB’s or the concentration of other chemicals in organisms at successfully higher trophic levels of a food chain or food web.

Means this is an increase in the concentration of chemicals in specific organs or tissues at a level higher than normally expected.

Broad Spectrum Pesticides kill predators because...

Broad spectrum pesticides kill predators because some pests develop resistance but predator does not.

                        3 factors:

1.     Pests are often smaller and reproduce quicker than predators.

2.     With more frequent, diets of predators are richer in pesticides than the diet of the original pests.

3.     3^rd number of predators is fewer than number of pests.

1.     The organo phosfates and the carbonates decomposes naturally but organo chloride pesticides are persistent in the environment serious ecological problems because it leaves other non target organisms to exposed to the poisons for many years.  With annual spraying, it accumulates in the environment and becomes persistent.  Organo chlorides don’t degrade quickly in the environment.

1.   Nonpersistent pesticides – remain in environment for 1-12 weeks (organo Phosphates)

2.  Moderately persistent – remain 1-18 months

2.             4.  Permanent – remain forever

What is a large problem with DDT?

Problem with pesticide=s is one can be converted into a more toxic chemical

DDT = DDD

Gets in soil, ocean, river, lakes, fat of man, fat of cows, tradewinds and rain.

DDT has been dispersed throughout the biosphere

Usually enter by aerial spraying and miss target.  Attach to dust particles and eventually wash out.

What are the 5 effects of Pesticides on various organisms?

1.  The effect on birds

2.  Effects on soil organisms

3.  Effects on fish

4.  Effects on Animals

5.  Effects on humans

True or False?

EPA has granted exemptions to DDT law on different occasions even though DDT and Chlorinated hydrocarbons are banned by EPA.

True

12.  Integrated approach (IPM)

Of the 12 alternatives to pesticides, which if the most effective?

Integrated Pest Management Approach also known as (IPM) The use of several of these techniques at the same time.  THIS IS THE BEST WAY!!!!

Special Cultivation controls farmers planting barriers to pest migrations.  Farmer builds a mote or irrigation canal around property to get rid of ants.  Also would be home garden you establish a comfortable habitat for home predators and import praying mantises. Grampa’s rug with the snakes underneath.

Physical Methods: Ultrasound is impractical.  UV light attracts phototrophic insects or (insects attracted to light).  UV light is limited to small areas like back yards and the bug zappers.

This is a chemical or organic pollutants which are like DDT structurally.  Used in the past because they have unique electrically insulating properties and used in soap, glue, wax, brake lines.  1960’s PCB’s were known as serious pollutants.  Carcinogenic environmentally persistent, fat soluble and quantities of this have been found in water and land.  Cow’s milk, fish, meats and human’s bodies.  Mother’s milk.  When they decompose their new products are worse.  Monsanto in September 1976 was the last manufacturer in USA. As of 10/31/1977 they would eliminate all production of this chemical.  They are still around.  Used to be in brake lines.

PCB is a chemical Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls or organic pollutants which are like DDT structurally.  

What is the purpose of Herbicides?

Herbicides used to kill plans and weeds, rights of way (railroads, power lines, highways, paths, roads) crab grass weeds and home gardening. 

      They degrade naturally in the environment.

2.     Many are bad for humans and animals, concentrated in food web, many  are persistent cause cancer or mutations like defects in embryo in fetus and most decomposition products are unknown.  75 different chemicals in use.  Much higher now.  In 1974 220 million kilograms were used in the USA.  484 million pounds. As use continues, there will be increasing chemical pollution in our environment and disrupts natural ecosystems.

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PVC’s or poly vinyl chlorides 

Sulphur

1400’s arsenic, mercury abandoned in 1920’s

1600’s nicotine sulfates from tobacco plants which was used as an insecticide. 

Mid 1800’s pyrethrum which comes from the heads of the chrysanthemum flower.  Rhotinum root of the derris plant both natural pesticides.

1945 100’s of chemicals were developed for pesticides.

1962 Rachel Parsons wrong “Silent Spring”.  She warned against relying on synthetic chemicals About the silencing of the birds (deaths of birds) because of pesticides, (She was a driving force in the birth of the environmental movement in the USA).

True or False?

Few accidental poisonings and death  happen to kids under age 5 from both broad and narrow spectrum use.

False

Many accidental poisonings and death to kids under age 5 from both broad and narrow spectrum use.

Attempts to control this pest account for at least 25% of insecticides in USA.

 The cotton bowl weevil 

Case for pesticides

          1. They save human lives because they kill insects                 that carry disease.

          2. Increase food supplies and lower food costs

          3. Increase profits for farmers

          4. Work faster than alternatives

              5. Health risks are insignificant compared to their benefit

Vitamins can be broken down into 2 categories:

2.     Fat soluble Vitamin A, (D ascorbic acid), E, and K          

1. Population

2. Overconsumption

3. Political and economical Barriers to food Production?

4. Climate

This was the introduction of wheat and rice to India, Pakistan, Columbia, Mexico and Philippians.  The plants were better constructed to hold the wheat and not fall over and rot.  The plants were not overly shaded and the yields were spectacular.  Starvation went down.  

5.     General lack of money to import fertilizers and pesticides. 

The benefit of the Green Revolution was that food production increased and starvation decreased. People started moving into the cities for jobs but urban areas became slums and people became exponentially poor.

1. Increase acreage 

2. More food from the sea

3. Cultivation of algae

4. Processed and manufactured food.

1. Alter natural food to make more acceptable

2.  Conversion of agricultural waste into edible food

3. Chemical synthisis of food.

Artificial colors: oranges, soft drinks, hotdogs

            Artificial Flavors: vanillin goes in chocolate, ice creams

            Preservatives: in serials (BHT), sodium nitrite releases nitrosamines carcinogenic

            Stabilizers: keep them looking nice, peanut butter natural has oil on top stabilizer           changes that.

            Flavor enhancers (MSG)

            Sugar: leads to tooth decay and obesity

            Emulsifiers: make food smoother like ice-cream