Term
|
Definition
| large opening to the body at one end, water flows through here, sponges can have more than one osculum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spongocoel (central cavity)- channel for water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Collar cell (choanocyte)- line the inner cavity of the sponge, have a sticky, funnel-shaped collar (that collects food particles) and a flagellum (which whips around, moving water)
|
|
|
Term
| radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry |
|
Definition
radial= no true right or left
bilateral= right and left side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phylum Ctenophora
Distinguishing characteristics:
Radial symmetry
Free-swimming marine animals
Carnivores – consume plankton or other ctenophores
Unique light scattering along rows of beating cilia, and many are also bioluminescent
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distinguishing characteristics:
• Radial symmetry
• Sessile (polyp) or free-swimming (medusa)
• Cnidocytes
• Carnivores – trap prey in tentacles
• Some corals also have symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates that live in their tissues
• Exhibit sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cnidaria
Polyp is the sessile, or nonmotile, body form and is anchored to the floor on its aboral side. Ex. Sea anemone
Medusa is the free-living body form. Ex. jellyfish
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Have tissue grade of organization…tissues are present, but no complex organs - mainly simple nervous and contractile tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 layers of cells - have epidermis, then gelatinous layer called mesoglea, then endodermis/gastrodermis. The nervous and contractile tissues are found on one or both of the dermis layers.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cnidaria
food is digested here in a process called extracellular digestion but can also be drawn into gastrodermal cells to be intracellularly digested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cnidaria
specialized cell for defense/prey capture/locomotion – may contain a nematocyst (the stinging organelle) |
|
|
Term
| where is cnidaria's is food usually digested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cnidaria:
specialized cells for locomotion/ capturing prey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nematocyst – stinging organelle found in some cnidocytes
Stinging Nematocyst - when triggered is activated, barbed thread springs out, punctures prey, and injects a toxin – happens superfast in terms of both time and speed –
Usually needs a chemical signal in addition to mechanical, so doesn’t accidentally activate nematocyst when hits a rock or another of their own tentacles – once used has to be replaced, so is advantageous to not use it if you don’t have to
Other cnidocytes may contain similar nematocysts that are used to entangle prey or stick to prey or adhere to substrates – there are at least 28 different types!
|
|
|
Term
cnidaria:
stinging organelle found in some cnidocytes? |
|
Definition
Nematocyst
Stinging Nematocyst - when triggered is activated, barbed thread springs out, punctures prey, and injects a toxin – happens superfast in terms of both time and speed –
Usually needs a chemical signal in addition to mechanical, so doesn’t accidentally activate nematocyst when hits a rock or another of their own tentacles – once used has to be replaced, so is advantageous to not use it if you don’t have to
Other cnidocytes may contain similar nematocysts that are used to entangle prey or stick to prey or adhere to substrates – there are at least 28 different types!
|
|
|
Term
| Phylum Cnidaria: class hydrozoa |
|
Definition
Class Hydrozoa
–Most marine, a few freshwater
–Both polyp and medusa stages of lifecycle
–Polyp stage may be colonial
– Hydras, Portugese man-of-war
|
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: class scyphozoa |
|
Definition
Class Scyphozoa
–All marine
–Mostly medusas – polyp stage of lifecycle is reduced or absent
–Jellyfish, sea nettles
–
|
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: class anthozoa |
|
Definition
Class Anthozoa
–All marine
–All polyps –no medusa stage
–May be colonial
–Sea anemones, sea fans,
-(doesnt have alternation of generations)
most corals
"AMP"
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distinguishing characteristics:
•Dorsoventrally flattened, unsegmented body
• May be parasitic or free-living
|
|
|
Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
Class Turbellaria |
|
Definition
•Mostly free-living
•Most marine, a few freshwater, some terrestrial in moist areas
•Body surface ciliated
•Planaria
|
|
|
Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
Class Trematoda |
|
Definition
–Parasites
–1-2 suckers attach to host
–Flukes
Trematoda: Flukes -Also simultaneous hermaphrodites
|
|
|
Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
Class Cestoda |
|
Definition
–No head or digestive system
•body is covered with microvilli to increase surface area
–Scolex attaches to host
–Body very long, “segmented” into reproductive units called proglottids
–Tapeworms
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distinguishing characteristics:
•Soft-bodied animals with 3-5 main body parts:
•Mantle
•Visceral mass
•Foot
•Head – may or may not have a radula – in some is reduced or absent
•Shell – calcium-based - in some is reduced or absent
•Open circulatory system in all but cephalopods
•Reproduce sexually
• Life cycle of many includes a trochophore larva (Bivalves, Polyplacophora),but some do not (Gastropoda, Cephalopoda)
This phylum contains thousands of species in many diverse habitats.
Most are marine, but some live in freshwater or on land.
4 shared characteristics:
1.Hard external shell for protection
2. Mantle that secretes the shell
3. Visceral mass in which most organs are located
4.Muscular foot for locomotion
Benthic = sits around on the bottom, moves slowly
Trochophore lar
|
|
|
Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Gastropoda |
|
Definition
–Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
–Coiled shell & a well-developed head with radula
•Slugs and nudibranchs have lost shell
–Feeding strategies of all types – herbivores, carnivores, detritivores/scavengers, filter feeders
–Snails, land slugs, sea slugs, whelks, conchs
|
|
|
Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Polyplacophora |
|
Definition
–Marine
–Dorsal shell = 8 overlapping plates
–Thick girdle formed from the mantle surrounds plates
–Radula but no head
–Omnivores
–Chitons
|
|
|
Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Bivalvia |
|
Definition
–Marine and freshwater
–Laterally compressed body, flattened shell with two valves, no head or radula
–Some sessile, some burrowers, but a few can move by “flapping” shells together
•Mollusks like clams use foot to burrow into sediment, leaving only siphons at water/sediment interface
•Sessile mollusks like oysters have a very reduced foot
–Most are filter feeders, using ciliated gills to capture food
–Clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
|
|
|
Term
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Cephalopoda |
|
Definition
–All marine, all carnivores
–Head with a chitinous beak, which may or may not have a radula
–Foot is modified into arms and/or tentacles
–Shell external, internal, or absent
–Closed circulatory system
–Most complex brain of any invertebrate
–Highly developed eye
–Chromatophores in skin
–Can squirt ink as escape mechanism
–Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautilus
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distinguishing characteristics:
•Segmented body
•Closed circulatory system
•Chaetae (aka setae)
•May reproduce sexually or asexually (fission)
Many free-living species are extremely important in reworking the soil and sediment – increases productivity
Parapodia – fleshy outgrowths from each segment
Chaeta/Setae – chitinous bristles at end of parapodia
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phylum annelida
Parapodia – fleshy outgrowths from each segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phylum annelida
Chaeta/Setae – chitinous bristles at end of parapodia |
|
|
Term
Phylum Annelida:
Class Polychaeta |
|
Definition
Mostly free-living marine species
Comprise most of the diversity of annelids
Well-developed head
Each segment has pair of unjointed fleshy appendages called parapodia , each of which has chaetae at the tip
Separate sexes
Trochophore larva is earliest stage, then it starts developing its segments one at a time
Clamworms, some tubeworms, featherworms, sea mice, fire worms, Christmas tree worms |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida: trochophore? |
|
Definition
| Trochophore larva is earliest stage, then it starts developing its segments one at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phylum “Porifera”
Distinguishing characteristics:
•No true tissues
•Asymmetrical body plan
•Sessile as adults
•Collar cells/ choanocytes
•Suspension feeders
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phylum “Porifera”
Distinguishing characteristics:
•No true tissues
•Asymmetrical body plan
•Sessile as adults
•Collar cells/ choanocytes
•Suspension feeders
|
|
|
