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1. Order: Organisms follow a structure of life
2. Evolutionary Adaptation
3. Response to Environment: Organisms adapt to an environment
4. Homeostasis
5. Energy Processing: Organisms can obtain and convert energy
6. Growth and Development: Grow according to DNA
7. Reproduction |
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| Small particles that make up an atom (Protons, Neutrons, Electrons, etc.) |
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| Made up of subatomic particles, can combine to make larger, more complicated substances |
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| Chemical structure with 2+ atoms |
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| Tiny organs with particular functions |
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| Similar cells with a similar function |
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| Groups of 2+ tissues that serve a common function |
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| All individuals of a species within a certain specified area |
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| All organisms in an ecosystem |
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| Living + Non-Living things in a particular area |
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1. Observation and recorded data; descriptive in nature
2. Inductive Reasoning
3. Generalizations derived from lots of observation |
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1. Based on questioning; explanatory in nature
2. Deductive reasoning
3. Explanations for observations through hypotheses |
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1. Temporary explanations
2. Based on experience and data
3. Can be testable
4. If... then logic |
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| Anything that takes up space and has mass |
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| Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances |
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| Substance with 2+ elements combined in a fixed ratio |
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| Essential Elements of Life |
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Definition
1. Carbon: Organic substances made of carbon
2. Hydrogen: Many organic substances contain hydrogen
3. Oxygen: Respiration
4. Nitrogen: Amino Acids, DNA, RNA |
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Sulfur: Amino Acid compound
Calcium: Bones and Teeth
Phosphorus: Nucleotides (DNA, RNA)
Potassium: Muscle Contractions, Neuron function, Osmotic balance between cells
Sodium: Nerve impulses |
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Protons: 1 amu, positive charge, nucleus
Neutrons: 1 amu, no charge, nucleus
Electrons: 0 amu, negative charge, orbiting around nucleus |
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| Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms |
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Nonpolar: Between two of same atoms
Polar: Between different atoms due to difference in electronegativity |
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Intermolecular Force that forms when a hydrogen molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of another polar covalent molecule
Bonds with Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine
It is an interaction between molecules, not a bond
No change to chemical properties
Weaker than covalent or ionic bonds |
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Definition
1. Cohesive: Water is sticky
2. High Specific Heat: Needs more energy to warm up
3. Very dense: Ice can float
4. High heat of vaporization: Cooling factor
5. Universal solvent |
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0 - 7: Acidic
7 - 14: Basic
7: Neutral.
*Each number is 10x more acidic/basic than its last one. Most acidic: 0; most basic: 14 |
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| Minimizes changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-. Accepts H+ when in excess and donates H+ when deficient |
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1.6 electrons; 2 in first shell, 4 in second
2. Usually shares its 4 electrons |
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Organic molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen
Small non-hydrocarbon component joined to 3 hydrocarbon tails |
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| Variation in Structure of Molecules = Different properties |
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| Different covalent arrangements of atoms |
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| Different spatial arrangements due to DOUBLE bonds |
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Molecules that are mirror images of each other
Middle Carbon with 4 different atoms attached |
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| Replace hydrogens in a carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon |
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1. Contains Carbon
2. Organic = living; includes things not found in living organisms |
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| Long molecule made up of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
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| Small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers |
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| Condensation/Dehydration Reaction |
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Two monomers combine to release water and form a bond between each other.
* For Proteins, the new bond is called a PEPTIDE bond. |
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| With the addition of an H2O molecule, a polymer can be broke down into smaller subunits. |
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| Sugars and Polymers of Sugars |
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1.Monomers/subunits of carbohydrates
2. Important for cellular respiration
3. Ribose, Fructose, Glucose, Galactose |
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Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic linkage
Ex: Maltose (2 glucose), Lactose (1 glucose, 1 galactose), Sucrose (1 glucose, 1 fructose) |
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Carbohydrates formed by many monosaccharides
ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose |
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| Source of energy for animals |
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| Transport form of carbs in phloem |
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1.DO NOT CONSIST OF POLYMERS
2. Hydrophobic
3. Steroids, waxes, fatty acids, triglycerides |
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1. Thermal insulation
2. Energy storage
3. Buoyancy |
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| 3 Fatty acids combine with one glycerol and condense and release 3 molecules of water to form a triglyceride. |
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1. No double bonds = greatest number of hydrogens to be attached
2. Most animal fats
3. Solid at room temp |
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1. Has 1+ double bond = fewer hydrogens
2. Kink in chain: wherever there is a cis double bond
2. Plant & Fish oils
3. Liquid at room temp |
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1. Cell Membrane composition
2. Similar to fat, only 2 fatty acids
3. Tail: Hrydophobic; Head: Hydrophilic |
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Carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings of different chemical attachments
* Includes many hormones and cholesterol |
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Carbohydrates:
1. Short term energy
2. More soluble in water
Lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. 2x as much energy/gram
3. Insoluble in water |
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