Term
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Definition
EPIDERMIS
Stratum Basale: basal cells are proliferative, melanocytes produce pigment, langerhans have immune fxn.
Stratum spinosum: keratinocytes produce keratin and has immune fxn.
Stratum corneum: cronified cells--barrier
DERMIS: CT collagen, elastic fingers, blood, lymph vessels, nervs, mm fibers
SUBCUTIS: fatty ct |
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Term
| Hair Follicles-stages of growth |
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Definition
Anagen: growing
Catagen: receding (flame follicles, excess tricholemmal keratin)
Telogen:end stage |
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Term
| Three types of adnexal glands |
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Definition
apocrine: watery
sebaceous: oily
eccrine: foot and nose-watery |
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Term
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Definition
vesicle: fluid filled space
erosion: partial thickness loss of epithelium
ulceration: full thickness loss of epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain
Gross Lesions: crusts (scab-fibin, neutrophils, blood cells), erosions, ulcers (lose basement membrane), pustules |
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Term
| Common cause of inflammation of skin |
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Definition
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Term
| normal resistance to infection: |
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Definition
| intact barrier, dryness at skin surface, right amt of keratin, right amt of sebum, normal flora, fxning immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| pus in the skin can be deep/superfical, focal/diffuse, involves hair follicles |
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Term
Perifolliculitis
Folliculitis
Furunculosis |
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Definition
earliest lesion, around follicles
around &w/in follicles, lumen full of neutrophils (caused by: bacteria, dermatophytes, demodex)
destruction of follicles |
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Term
| what causes nodular and diffuse inflammation deep in skin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
I: AG: IgE, degranulate mast cells. Atopy: skin hypersen. due to inhaled or food allergen or transdermal absorption. histo: superficial perivascular inflm w/ mast cells and osinophils and dermal edema.
II: small molecules bind cell antigen--looks foreign. activates complement. ex. drug rxn.
III: Ag:Ab adhere in walls of blood vessels. activate complement. ex: serum sickness and purpura in strep equi.
IV: delayed. mediated by T cells. ex: 2nd time get exposed |
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Term
| Autoimmune Diseases-Histo |
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Definition
| lichenoid along basement membrane (looks like lichen), clefts-no fluid vesicles, bullae involve epidermis, pustules-accum of neutrophils, pigmentary incontinence-melanophages in dermis, acantholytic cells-keratinocytes separate from each other, dyskeratosis-necrosis of individual cells (look red) |
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Term
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Definition
Pemphigus foliaceous: most common, acantholytic cells in pustules.
Discoid and systemic lupus erythematosis: attack stratum spinosum, crusty nose, pigement cells damaged, lichenoid inflamm-->pigment incontinence-->dyskeratosis.
Dermatoymysitis: cleft formation, attack basal layer, epidermis separated. ulcers
Sebaceous adenitis: attack sebaceous glands-scaly skin
Alopecia areata: bulbs of anagen hair follicles, patchy hair |
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Term
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Definition
Congestion: increased blood in vessels
Edema: increased fluid in tissue
Ischemia: lack of blood flow
Errythemia: increased flow
Hyperemia: increased redness
**these changes are seen in conditions involving mechanical pressure or inflam rxns |
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Term
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Definition
trauma: causes abrasions and lacerations
inflam: destroy tissue
Wounds heal by covering surface w/ regenerated epithelium & filling CT defects in dermis and subcutus w/ granulation tissue (fibroblasts making collagen from epidermis up) |
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Term
| Changes in healing epidermis |
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Definition
Acanthosis: thickening of stratum spinosum
hyperkeratosis: thick of stratum corneum( either ortho(correct)- or para (fast, nuclei retained)- keratosis)
Hyperpigmentation: increased melanin granules |
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Term
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Definition
HERDA: horses-derange collagen fibers in deep dermis. Hereditary equine reginal dermal astehnia.
Mucinosis: sharpei skin is oozy
Calcinosis cutis: mineralization in Cushings/hi steroid. calcium on collagen fibers, alopecia, purulent exudate.
UV light changes: causes inflammation, degeeneration, neoplasia. Acute: sunburn, epidermal and endotheial changes. Chronic: solar elastosis (wrinkles), decreased immunologic fxn (damage to langerhans), stim melanocytes(protective mech) |
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Term
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Definition
Hypoplasia: congenital alopecia
Atrophy: normal, now regressed. endocrine dz, aging, rabies vx in poodle. epidermis and follicles affected.
Hyperplasia: inflam and chronic irritation cause change in pidermis. dysplasia of melanin-clumped pigment in hair shaft makes it weak. foliculopathy-distorted hair follicle. acanthosis, hyperkaratosis, hypermigmentation, hyperplasia of sebaceous glands.
Neoplasia: every element in skin can be neoplastic. **most tumors are benign. Trichoepithelioma, sebaceous adenoma, carcinoma in situ (mitotic figures), fibrosarcoma (spindle fibers) |
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Term
| How animals are presented (skin) |
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Definition
Pruitis: allergy/ectoparasites
Alopecia: endocrien dz, 2ndar to inflam dz, folliculopathy, post cliping idopathic alopecia.
Erythema, pustules, crusts indicate inflam infectious vs. automminue causes must be considered therapy implications make a correct dx crticial.
Lumps and bumps inflam vs. neoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
Airways: mechanical (cilia/coughing), immunological defenses (humoral-IgA, IgG in alveoli as opsonin to facilitate phagocytosis, BALT), normal fora competes.
Alveolar: from air (phagocytosis, fluid, recruit neutrophils/T cells--develop fibrosis/emphysema). From blood (inflam response/immune response occurs in interstitium of alveoli).
*aerogenous insults fought in Upper resp tree. hematogenous in alveoli. |
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Term
| Injuries and Inflammation--Respiratory |
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Definition
bronchioles: serous exudate (runny nose), catarrhal inflam has mucoid exudate b/c increased goblet cell secretion and serous exudate. Purulent exudate has neutrophils, macrophage=chronic, in severe: necrosis of bronchiole and alveolar walls-->abscessation.
Alveoli: lined by type I (gas exchange, fragile, no regenerative capacity) & II pneumocytes (cuboidal make surfactant to produce more membranous cells.) Injury causes necrosis and sloughing of type I cells first. if type II survive then they can heal "epithelialization". |
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Term
| 3 anatomic patterns of pneumonia |
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Definition
| bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
centered on bronchioles in lobar pattern.
causes: airborne insultes, inhaled bacteria cause suppurative inflam.
pathogenesis: cranioventral distribution
lobular pattern progresses to uniform consolidation (firm) spread to whole lobe and pleura.
histo: lobular, exudate in bronchioles and surrounding alveoli, early: neutrophils in airway, late: epitheilial cells degenerated, necrotic, sloughed.
Resolution: macrophage phagocytize debris and lyse fibrin.
Incomplete resolution: basement membrane destroyed, epithelium cant heal--abscess/granulation forms
chronic bronchopneumonia: suppuration, fibrosis (scar), bronchietasis and abscessation.
death=from toxemia and hypoxemia |
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Term
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Definition
type of bronchopneumonia. infects whole lobe. begins at bronchiole-alveolar jxn --spreads quick.
gross: entire lobe consolidated, varying degrees of hemorrhage/necrosis.
histo: necrosis, confluient areas of fibrin, degenerate PMN, hemorrhage, debris. many bacT.
causes: extremely virulemnt organisms and compromised defenses. ex. Mannhemia hemolytica, actinomyses.
Bacterial toxins absorbed systemically causing toxemia. |
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Term
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Definition
injury to alveolar walls, involves capillaries and alveolar interstitum. bronchioles are clear.
dz: acute/chronic, patchy/diffuse, NOT anterior-ventral.
caused: airborne/BLOODBORNE. ex. septicemia, slamonella, canine distemper, NO2 in pollution + H20=nitric acid burns alveoli.
pathogenesis: damage type I pneumocytes and endothelial cells, exudation of fluid and fibrin into alveolar walls and spaces *compromise gas exchange.
gross: lungs are rubbery, heavy, non-collapsing, mottled in color. cranio-ventral pattern NOT present.
histo: alveolar walls thick w/ edema, fibrin, cells. bronchiole clear. hyaline membrane forms. cuboidal cells line alveoli--not good.
resolution: healing possible by removal of exudate and proliferation of type II. fibroplasia beings early. |
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Term
Abnormalities of circulation and fluid balance
-congestion and edema |
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Definition
-congestion: stasis of blood in capillaries, color change.
-edema: accum of proteinaceous fluid in alveoli, prevents gas exchange, mixes with surfactant=foam. ex. increase of capillary pressure in heart failure or mechanical blockage of vessels. decreased osmotic pressure assoc w/ low prtein. lymph blockages cause increased tissue pressure. develops when permeability of endothelial or epi cells increase. hypostatic edema caused by gravity.
gross: heavy, wet lungs (sponge), interlobular septa prominent.
histo: 1. proteinaceous fluid in alveolar lumen, eosinophilic in stains. 2. +/- intra-alveolar hemorrhages. 3. "heart failure cells" are macrophages ingesting hemoglobin products |
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Term
Abnormalities of circulation and fluid balance
-hemorrhage, embolism/thrombosis, hypertension |
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Definition
hemorrhage: blood leaves vessel and into tissue. very from petecchia to massive, common causes: severe congestion, septicemia, coagulation disorder, etc
embolism--trapped b/c of low press flow of large amts of blood. can be tumor cells, fat, air, bacT. thrombi: hypercoagulability, systemic illness (heartworm, IMHA w/ pulm thrombosis), stasis of blood, endothelial damage. Infarction rare b/c lung has bronchial AND pulm aa.
hypertension: uncommon in animals. high alt dz is vasoconstriction in response to low O2 in inspired air. causes arteriosclerosis, leading to more hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
incomplete expansion of lung or part of a lung.
-congenital (never aerated or expanded but didnt refill)
-acquired-inflated but collapsed. obstructive(blockage of airway prevents air from filling alveoli. inflam, necrosis, tumor). compressive (pressure: pleural/intrapulm masses, hydrothroax, hemothorax, pyothroax, abdominal distentsion). hypostatic-recumbent animals.
gross: dark, sunken areas of dense consistency, DONT FLOAT
histo: collapsed alveolar lumens |
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Term
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Definition
excess air in lungs
ALVEOLAR 'vesicular': abnormal enlargmeent of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls. IRREVERSIBLE.
gross: pale, puffy, small vesicles/ bullae, bubble wrap
histo: destruction of walls and enlarged spaces
*overinflation is caused by overexertion in inspiration. usually agonal gasping.
INTERSTITIAL EMPHYSEMA: air is present in CT, interlobular septa
CHRONIC BRONCHIOLITIS-horses. 'heaves'. chrnoic obstructive pulmonary dz.
gross: mucoid exudate in bronchioles, bronchi, lumpy/bumpy
histo: bronchiolitis, goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, peribronchiolar lymphocytic and plasmactytic infiltrates and fibrosis. |
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Term
Upper Respiratory Tract-nasal passages, sinuses, layrnx, trachea.
INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, tracheitis
characterized by type of exudate, duration, distribution, etiology |
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Term
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Definition
-serous: watery exudate some degeneration of epithelial cells.
-mucoid/catarrhal-mucus secretion. from bacT
-purulent: increase number of PMNs in mucoid exudate. have erosion and ulcers. from bacT. fibrino-necrotic exudate indicate extensive damage: ex. infectious bovine rhinitis.
-eosinophlilic is serous or mucoid. hypersensitivity.
-granulomatous: chronic, accum of macrophages.
-nasal polyps: raised nodules in chronic inflam chonditions. |
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Term
Sinusitis
laryngitis or tracheitis |
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Definition
usually advanced when they are seen clinically cuz sinus cavities drain w/ difficulty. empyema=pus in sinus cavity.
extension of rhinitis, less emphasized in vet med. |
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Term
| Bronchi, types of inflammation |
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Definition
1. Catarrhal. muoid. gross: mucoid exudate. histo: damaged ciliated epithelial cells and exudate.
2. purlent, bronhiolitis. caused by BacT. gross: thick yellow exudate in lumens. histo: mucus, sloughed epithelial cells, , degenerate PMNs in lumens, damaged epithelial cells.
3. ulcerative/necrotizing
4. fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic. gross: thick yellow exudate attached to surface. histo: similar material to purulent, loss of epithelial cells
5. chronic bronchitis-continuous exposure to agent. chronic catarrhal/mucopurulent, allergic.
6. bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans: fibrin stim fibroplasia like any wound healing. gross: nodules plug airways. histo: fibrous CT of variablle density.
7. Bronchiectasis: lumpy/bumpy. dilation of bronchi following necrotizing inflam. gross: irregular pleural surface and large irreg airways w/ purulent exudate. histo: inflam and destruction of wall. |
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Term
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Definition
common in upper resp passages. involve non-union parts or agenesis of parts.
anomalies in lung are rare.
-ex. choanal atrasia, anomalous nose. hypoplasia more likely in utero |
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Term
| Disturbances in Growth-Respiratory |
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Definition
Metaplasia: usually squamous, goes from one cell type to another.
Hyperplasia: goblet cells and epithelial cells become hyperplastic in many conditions.
Neoplasia in upper airways: benign epithelial tumors include papillomas and adenomas. malignant tumors are squamous cell carcinoma and adinocarcinoma or sarcoma.
Neoplasia in Lungs: primary lung tumors uncommon. BRONCHOGENIC (derive from bronchiol epithelial cells. orginate near hilus of lung. histo: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosuuamous carcinoma, undifferentiated), BRONCHIOALVEOLAR (originate from secretory cells of bronchioles or type II pneumocyte. located at periphery of lobe).
Metastatic tumors are common. black spots all over lung. |
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Term
| Cardiovascular-Anatomy of Vessels |
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Definition
Arteries: Tunica intima (endothelial cells, stroma, internal elastic membrane. fxn: coagulation/inflammation), Tunica media (smm mm cells, elastic/collagen fibers, external elastic membrane. fxn: blood press regulation), tunica adventitia (collagen/elastic. vasa vasorum--blood suppl to adventitia and part of media).
Veins: smilar to arteries, thinner tunica media. valves prevent backflow.
Capillaries: endothelium & basment membrane, lack media & adventitia, fxn: O2 & nutrient exchange.
Lymphatics: thin walls, larger ones have valves. fxn: one-way flow from CT to venous system. low pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
-cont circulation of blood: adequate CO & Blood vol, normal pressure, intact vessel. CLOSED SYSTEM.
-coagulation, endothelial cells (procoag & anticoag activities), involves plateles and protein in blood.
-permeability: exchange of O2, nutrients, hormones. dpends on balance of arteriole & venous hydrostatic pressures and blood & tissure osmotic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| arteriosclerosis, hypertension, aneurism, vascular rupture, vasculitis, thrombosis |
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Term
| Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension |
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Definition
arteriosclerosis-hardening of arteries, degeneration of vessles w/ lipid depsoits, leads to hypertension.
Atherosclerosis: form of arteriosclerosis w/ lipid deposits in intima. smm mm cells and fiberblasts migrate into intima--make it firm.
primary hypertension not common in animals. hypertension causes arteriolosclerosis. hypertension causes heart failure and thrombosis |
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Term
| causes of pulmonary hypertension |
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Definition
-high altitude w/ low O2 in inspired air
-emphysema w/ loss of alveolar capillaries
-left to right shunt of blood
-left heart failure (blood backs up into lung)
-idiopathic |
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Term
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Definition
-weakening & outpocketing of vessle wall. most common-parasite damage in horses
-trauma, occ by aneurysm, copper deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
inflam of vessel wall.
"fibrinoid necrosis"-fibrin deposit in wall.
causes: infectious agents, imm mediated injury, uremia, fungus, parasite, drug rxn
ex. malignant catarrhal fever. |
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Term
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Definition
clotted blood attached to vessel wall. pieces that break off=Thromboemboli.
cause: procoagulant condition: abnormal intimal surface, changes in flow, shock (dec CO, dec press, slow flow)
consequence: occ of vessel lumen, possible embolism |
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Term
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Definition
| persistant right aortic arch (aorta should go to left, wraps around esophagus), coarctation (stricuttre along aorta), arteriovenous fistula (artery to vein, w/o going thru capillary bed) |
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Term
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Definition
angiogenesis: part of embryonic development, wound healing, tumor growth.
Neoplasia: hemangioma (benign, common skin mass) & hemangiosarcoma (malignant, endothelial cells proliferate in bizzare fashion, makes clefts, large sells, mitotic figures, straight in rt auricle/atrium. |
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Term
Heart: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, valves.
Diseases (1 of 3) |
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Definition
VALVES: endocardiosis (incompetent valves, older dogs), endocarditis (inflam of valves, heart will be rough insdie), inadequate valve fxn interferes with one-way flow.
CONDUCTION SYSTEM: special cells give intrinsic contractility, need balance of ions.
CORONARY VESSELS: supply O2 continuously, mycardial infarction is necrosis of mm due to hypoxia. |
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Term
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Definition
| MYOFIBERS: Cardiomyopathy (primary-idiopathic, chronic dz or sudden death, hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive. secondary-known causes, hereditary, nutritional, infectious agent, toxin). Myocarditis (inflamm after necrosis, infectious agents, idiopathic, pericarditis caused by septicemia). Heart Necrosis (infarction in humans, toxin, rattlesnake, vit E/selenium def, rumensin toxicity) |
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Term
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Definition
Dilation-responses of heart to stresses caused by increased workload by inc vol or inc press resistance.
hypertrophy: compensation for inc workload due to inc pressures (concentric-ventricle wall bigger, lumen not bigger. cause: inc pressure load from pulm dz, systemic hypertension, valve stenosis. eccentric: lumen is bigger, wall stretched. cause: inc blood vol from valve insuff or septal lesions. Rt sided hypertrophy: follows inc pulm resistance ex. heart worm, high alt, emphysema. Lft sided: follows inc peripheral resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
usually pediatric
-changes in neonatal circulation: closure of ductus arteriosus and formen ovale must happen.
-Shunts: left to right overload rt heart (arterial septal defect/patent foramen ovale..hypertrophy), ventricular septal defect (left to rt), PDA (starts lt to rt w/o cyanosis but subsequent pulm vascular dz changes direction of flow) Rt to left shunts cause cyanosis b/c deO2 blood flows into systemic circulation b/c dec pulm flow. (tetralolgy of fallow "blue baby", persistet truncus-mix of blood).
-Valve development lesions (stenosis, subvalvular, supravalvular. pulm stenosis cause cyanosis, rt ventricular hypertrophy and failure. aortic stenosis cause weakness, hypotension) |
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Term
| Cardiac Neoplastic diseases |
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Definition
-primary tumors: Hemangiosarcoma in rt atrium, common in dogs. Rhabdomyosarcoma-primary tumor of myofibers.
-Metastatic tumors rare: lymphosarcoma in cow heart |
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Term
| Consequences of congestive heart failure |
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Definition
inadequate CP. causes: primary heart problem, pressure, volume overload beyond capacity. compensation-inc CO (ratexSV), inc rate req more O2, dilation decreases efficacy and compromises coronary flow.
1. lft sided failure caused by hypertension, valve dz, infarction. backs up to lungs to back up right sided.
2. rt sided caused by lung dz or lft heart failure, shunts, valve lesion.
bodies response: Renin-adlodosterone mech to retain fluid (inc blood vol), baroR and ADH release, symp systm inc HR and inc vascular tone |
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Term
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Definition
inadequate perfusion of body tissue, get metabolic disorder.
1. cardiogenic shock: mycoardial ischemia, infarction, heart failure, myocarditis, drug tox. Catecholamines inc HR and BP and Renin-adloster and ADH inc blood vol. sings: low blood press, depressed metabolism, dyspnea, oliguria, cyanosis. tx: underlying cause
2. Hypovolemic shock: loss of blood, plasma, interstitial fluid. signs: inc HR and SV. tx: replace fluid
3. Neurogenic shock: massive vasodilation by imbalance of symp/parasympathic stim to smm mm of vessels. cause: spinal cord injury, depressive and anestheitc drugs. signs: slow HR, fainting b/c low press to brain. tx: underlying cause
4. Anaphylactic shock: vascodilation similar to neurgenic shock, another form of relative hypovolemia. vasocdilation caused by hypersensitivity. bronchospasm occurs. signs: dsypnea, edema, hives, low Bp, low mentation, inc HR, oliguria, edema. tx: epinephrine, lactated ringers, steroids. |
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