Term
| Longevity and life span refer to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Retiring age is around __. |
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Definition
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Term
| Life Expectancy in developed countries: |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of Maximum life span: |
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Definition
| age of oldest lived individual in a population. (Humans about 120 years) |
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Term
| Mean (average) life span: |
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Definition
| average age of death in a given population |
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Term
| The ______ life span has remained relatively constant over recorded history while the _______ life span has nearly doubled in the last 150 years |
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Definition
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Term
| Mean life span has been increasing or decreasing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain what the concept of the fountain of youth is all about: |
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Definition
| We don't want to live forever, we just want to be happy and free of pain. The fountain of youth corresponds to the effect of advances in agriculture and medicine. |
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Term
| What is it that determines lifespan? |
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Definition
| variability of organisms and how an organism uses its energy. |
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Term
| Explain the variability of longevity in plants and animals and what they may use their energy towards: |
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Definition
| Each organism puts their energy in different places based on its biological makeup and circumstances. It can either use its energy towards reproduction, growth, work, repair, and storage. Organisms that put more energy into repairing will most likely live longer. |
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Term
| Effect of Environment on longevity in honey bees: |
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Definition
1. drone - 1 month - copulation-induced death
2. summer worker - 1.5 months - foraging (much activity), eat more protein (pollen).
3. winter worker - 7 months - less active, cooler (slower metabolism), eat stored honey.
4. queen - greater than 5 years - larvae fed a special diet which changes hormone levels. |
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Term
| Effects of Genetics on longevity (fruit flies): |
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Definition
1. selection for longevity leads to longer mean life span but also maximum life span
2. selection for late reproduction leads to longer maximum life span. |
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Term
| Effects of stress on nematodes: |
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Definition
-Eliminating physical stress on nematodes made them live longer.
-Gonad ablation and genetic manipulation increased life span by 5 times. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms ALLLL AGEEE. |
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Definition
| richard pollard is my lover |
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Term
| Quality of life (4 categories): |
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Definition
Physical - sex, exercise
Emotional - feeling of well being
Economical Status - Poor or rich
Social Recreational - Tennis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
4. Lung disease
5. Diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a solvent which helps things move around. Food + SALIVA = dissolved and transported nutrients throughout the body. Blood is mostly made of water. When brain creates hormones, water is needed to transport them. Circulation gets rid of wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Calcium - bones, teeth, communication
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium
Zinc
Cadmium
Cobalt |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many different amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 things do amino acids and proteins provide: |
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Definition
1. Structure
2. Communication
3. Transportation/Movement
Examples: enzymes, hormones, antibodies, extracellular matrix, transporters, regulators.
When we age, there becomes an accumulation of damaged proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| structural role for cells, tissues, play role as enzymes. Provide signaling role. Receptors for hormones. Makes things happen. Transports things as well. Ex. sperm has a protein tail, transports white blood cells as well |
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Term
| what happens if proteins get damaged? |
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Definition
| tissues can become damaged. |
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Term
| What is protein glycation? |
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Definition
| Over time long-lived proteins in the body can have sugars added onto them randomly. These sugars change the structure of the protein and impairs functioning. This process is accelerated when blood sugar levels stay high.(Diabetes). Causes cartilage break down |
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Term
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Definition
| proved structure, short term energy storage, signaling/binding. |
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Term
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Definition
| proved structure, short term (quick) energy storage, signaling/binding. Aging occurs when cartilage breaks down (glycation). |
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Term
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Definition
| (hydrocarbons) - Provide membrane structure, energy storage, insulation, communication |
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Term
| Unsaturated fatty acid has a _______ bond. |
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Definition
| double. (can't hold any more hydrogens) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| has many open spots for hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
provides information storage, signaling, energy, enzyme cofactors - nitrogen-containing base group (A-T-C-G).
Genetic code consists groups of three and each trio codes for one amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acid sequence of each protein. |
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Term
| When DNA is a template for RNA synthesis, this is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When RNA is a template for Protein synthesis, this is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately how many DNA base pairs are there per human cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased damage, reduced repair, and accumulation of mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| replication/repair mistakes, free radical damage. |
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Term
| DNA mutations can lead to what? |
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Definition
| lead to the production of defective proteins, don't work or work incorrectly and may cause incorrect expression of genes passed on to daughter cells. |
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Term
| What is the theory of disposable soma? |
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Definition
| a common thought that the body is designed to hold up long enough to successfully reproduce and after that, the body is disposable and nothing else matters anymore/body has carried out its primary function of reproduction. This means that repair processes become insufficient. Damaged molecules accumulate, functional molecules diminish and therefore health. |
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Term
| what is the hormone theory all about? |
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Definition
Biological processes are controlled by hormones. Growth, DHEA, IGF-1, Insulin, Testerone, Estrogen.
Changes in those may be at the root for the decline in maintenance. |
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Term
| What is the telomere hypothesis? |
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Definition
| (genetic timers) - DNA gets shorter every time it divides. |
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Term
| what is the jist of biological oxidation? |
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Definition
| When reactive oxygen molecules also known as free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide) damage our cells. |
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Term
| Sources of free radicals include: |
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Definition
Physical sources - radiation, x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, cosmic radiation, and UV light.
Chemical sources - any kind of toxin.
Respiration - (breathing) - from ATP you get waste electrons and to get rid of these waste electrons you breath. Electrons can sometimes react with oxygen and produce free radicals (superoxide) instead of producing water. When you exercise (breathing faster) your mitochondria work harder which causes free raicals, but your body makes more mitochondria to help. Exercising increases your mitochondria capacity which in the long term protects your body from a lot of harm due to free radicals.
Also mechanical trauma to vessels and joints can damage cells. |
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Term
| what are some immune defenses of free radicals? |
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Definition
| white blood cells generate them to kill bacteria |
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Term
| Reactive Oxygen Molecules damage ____, _____, and ______ |
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Definition
| DNA, Proteins, and Lipids |
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Term
| As metabolic rate increases, your life span increases or decreases? |
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Definition
| decreases sadly because Daniel Woodward has a high metabolism. : ( yes thats a frowny face. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damaged DNA is repaired based on DNA base pairing - excision repair extensively damaged DNA triggers Programmed Cell Death (apoptosis). This is a systematic dismantling of the entire cell. If damage is repaired improperly, you have a mutation. |
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Term
| where do most free radicals come from? (two places) |
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Definition
| Mitochondria and the immune system(in membrane of WBC, superoxide is produced which is then converted to hydrogen peroxide) |
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Term
| The most reactive thing in the body is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Repair process for proteins: |
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Definition
| Proteins are major target of free radicals. It's repair process involves recognizing the damaged protein, then breaking it down by proteases(enzyme that breaks down damaged protein). And the in tact amino acids are available for reuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that breaks down damaged protein. |
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Term
| Repair process for Lipids: |
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Definition
| Damaged fatty acids are broken down. If a fatty acid is damaged while in a triglyceride or phospholipid it is cleaved off then used as food or excreted then a new fatty acid is inserted. |
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Term
| _________ typically fair well and are not damaged by oxidation too bad. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When cells are damaged beyond reasonable repair, cells initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis). |
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Term
| Protection from free radicals include: |
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Definition
| Free radical scavengers (anti-oxidants that react with free radicals to neutralize them). Carotene, Vitamin E, C, Uric acid, Resveratrol, Melatonin. All these vitamins neutralize free radicals. Thats why they are good for you. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Catalase
2. Glutathione Peroxidase
Both convert superoxide(free radical) to H2O. |
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Term
| _____ efficiency and ______ rate relate to lifespan in animals. |
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Definition
Cell, Heart
Humans are an exception due to medicine, hygiene, and clean food and water. |
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Term
| The more damage you have to DNA the more likely you are to have problems with repairing it correctly. |
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Definition
| Massive DNA damage = very bad sunburn, the cell actually kills itself. |
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Term
| Lifespan increases if you just put more anti-oxidants that neutralize free radicals. |
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Definition
| Organisms that put more energy into repairing, instead of reproduction, live longer. |
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Term
| Caloric restriction and its benefits: |
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Definition
| Reducing calorie intake directly effects mental awareness and your life expectancy increases. You need nutrients and less calories. Caloric consumption requires OXYGEN for breakdown and we all know reducing oxygen uptake reduces free radicals. Improves health. |
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Term
| Cells divide for what reasons? |
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Definition
| Growth, reproduction, TO REPAIR DAMAGED CELLS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell division for growth repair, and reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are signals that turn cell division on and off. During mitosis, the cell tries to make the best decision on weather to divide or not. If the cell doesn't divide when it is supposed to or enough, this would cause a failure to repair degeneration and can lead to abnormal function(getting sick). If the cell divides when it is not supposed to, then the cell may begin to divide out of control (CANCER) |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal genes which cause cancer. When the proto-ocogenes become mutated in such a way that the cell begins dividing too much. |
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Term
| what are proto-oncogenes? |
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Definition
| Genes that code for key proteins (normal, not cancerous) |
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Term
| what are tumor suppressor genes? |
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Definition
| genes that turn off cell division. Stops cells from dividing. |
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Term
| ______ signals turn on cell division and ______ _________ signals turn off cell division. |
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Definition
| Growth, growth inhibitory |
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Term
| What is a good definition of Cancer? |
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Definition
| Not one disease but a plethora of diseases of uncontrolled cell division. |
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Term
| Three major categories of cancer are: |
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Definition
1. Carcinoma - cancer of the epithelium (skin, digestive tract, lung lining, other surfaces) MOST COMMON.
2. Sarcoma - cancer of connective tissues (bone, cartilage, fibrotic tissue, muscle) RARE!
3. Leukemia - cancer of the blood. COMMON. |
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Term
| Carcinogenesis/Mutagenesis: |
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Definition
| alteration of the DNA sequence due to mistake in replication. Failure to repair or gene rearrangement. |
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Term
| what is the definition of benign? |
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Definition
| growing excessively but not imminently dangerously |
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Term
| Malignant Transformation: |
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Definition
| stage in which the cells become highly mutable. They evolve into a fast growing invasive colony making telomerase allows continued growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage when cells or groups of cells detach from the original tumor into the blood or lymph where they flow to another part of the body where they may eventually lodge or reattach to originate another tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| mistakes in DNA Replication mutations in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficient DNA repair (DNA isn't being repaired correctly) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomal rearrangment. (changes how the cell functions) (chromosomes decide what proteins are made). |
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Term
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Definition
| uncorrected # of chromosomes (changes how the proteins are expressed and how the cell functions) |
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Term
| The name of the cancer comes from? |
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Definition
| The original site of the cancer. |
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Term
| Immune system really helps to kill cancer cells. |
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Definition
| But when it attacks the cancer, inflammation stimulates the cancer to grow. |
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Term
| The idea of cellular senescence: |
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Definition
| The cells dividing has to do with how long we survive. Some cells can become immortal which means can grow like crazy. If cells don't grow anymore, cell has senesced. |
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Term
| End of chromosome is called a? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosome telomeres should be getting shorter till senescence, which is a signal for the cell to stop dividing, but in cancer _______ is increased which allows cell to become immortal |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ tissues have more telomerase in them |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Surgery - cut it out. Doesn't work with leukemia.
2. Radiation - radioactive materials - x-rays - can cause later cancer too.
3. Chemotherapy - chemical therapy. Attack cells that are rapidly dividing. |
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Term
| Hutchinson Guilford Progeria: |
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Definition
| Accelerated aging. Most die of stroke or heart attack at age of 10 or 12. Cardiovascular tissue ages fastest. Mutation in Lamin A doesn't allow nuclear membrane to reform in cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| WRN gene unwinds the DNA and allows replication. Defect in this gene doesn't allow the unwinding. Most doe of cancer. Age really fast. Live 30-60 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trisomy 21 - chromosomal damage. you normally have 2 copies of a gene. in this disease you have three copies which causes a gene imbalance and you have problems in cell then tissues then the whole individual. Best example of premature aging. |
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Term
| One more thing on Biological oxidation: |
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Definition
| fewer calories leads to fewer free radicals which makes you live longer. Not completely true. When you don't take in as many calories, there is an increase in SIRTUIN (protein) which stimulates a cell to be more efficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes discovered in model organisms that allow for longer life span genes typically are involved in preventing molecular damage, repair, and stress response. |
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