Term
| What is the original source of energy for all organisms in an ocean food chain? |
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Definition
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Term
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
Animals breathe in order to take in the carbon dioxide their cells need to perform cellular respiration.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
a. food molecules.
b. water.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. ATP. |
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Definition
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Term
In an oak tree, carbohydrates are produced by the process of photosynthesis, and cellular respiration is used to convert the chemical energy in the carbohydrates to ATP.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
The products of photosynthesis are the
a. products of cellular respiration.
b. reactants of fermentation.
c. reactants of cellular respiration.
d. products of glycolysis. |
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Definition
| c. reactants of cellular respiration. |
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Term
What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
a. water and glucose
b. oxygen and lactic acid
c. carbon dioxide and water
d. glucose and oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
Either cellular respiration or fermentation can be used to release energy, depending on the presence of carbohydrates.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
a. 6CO2 + 6H2O ® 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy
b. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy ® 6CO2 + 6H2O
c. 6O2 + C6H12O6 ® 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
d. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ® 6O2 + C6H12O6 |
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Definition
| c. 6O2 + C6H12O6 ® 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy |
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Term
Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?
a. oxygen
b. water
c. glucose
d. lactic acid |
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Definition
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Term
Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?
a. anaerobic bacterium
b. button mushroom
c. Siberian tiger
d. cypress tree |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is one of the ways that cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes?
a. Photosynthesis releases energy, and cellular respiration stores energy.
b. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
c. Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
d. Photosynthesis consumes glucose, and cellular respiration produces glucose. |
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Definition
| b. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. |
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Term
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
a. animal cells only.
b. plant cells only.
c. prokaryotic cells only.
d. all eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle cells, which need a lot of ATP, would be expected to have a lot of _______________ , the organelles involved in cellular respiration. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
a. Krebs cycle ® electron transport ® glycolysis
b. glycolysis ® fermentation ® Krebs cycle
c. glycolysis ® Krebs cycle ® electron transport
d. Krebs cycle ® glycolysis ® electron transport |
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Definition
| c. glycolysis ® Krebs cycle ® electron transport |
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Term
| Cellular respiration in nearly all organisms depends on autotrophs performing the process of _____________________ . |
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Definition
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Term
Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
a. oxygen.
b. light.
c. glucose.
d. exercise. |
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Definition
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Term
How do organisms get the energy they need?
a. by breathing oxygen into the lungs and combining it with carbon dioxide
b. by using the sun’s energy to break down food molecules and form chemicals
c. by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy
d. by burning food molecules and releasing their energy as heat |
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Definition
| c. by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy |
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Term
Plants cannot release energy from glucose using
a. the Krebs cycle.
b. glycolysis.
c. cellular respiration.
d. photosynthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
a. electron transport
b. Krebs cycle
c. fermentation
d. glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria. In contrast, ___________________ occurs in all eukaryotic cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
a. cytoplasm.
b. chloroplasts.
c. nuclei.
d. mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?
a. photosynthesis
b. glycolysis
c. fermentation
d. cellular respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis rearranges a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of ______________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two pyruvic acid molecules going through the Krebs cycle will result in ____ ATP molecule(s), as well as the energy carriers FADH2 and NADH. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________________ is a series of carrier proteins that use high-energy electrons to create a buildup of H+ ions on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
The Krebs cycle produces
a. glucose.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. lactic acid.
d. oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
Where do the electrons moving along the inner membrane in Figure 9–8 end up?
a. They join with 4 H+ and O2 to form water molecules.
b. They recycle immediately back to the electron transport chain.
c. They are lost in the inner membrane space.
d. They join with ADP to form ATP. |
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Definition
| a. They join with 4 H+ and O2 to form water molecules. |
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Term
Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately
a. 36 ATP molecules.
b. 4 ATP molecules.
c. 32 ATP molecules.
d. 2 ATP molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| When __________ pass through ATP synthase, ATP molecules are produced from ADP molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by
a. photosynthesis.
b. alcoholic fermentation.
c. the Krebs cycle.
d. lactic acid fermentation. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?
a. ATP
b. NADH
c. pyruvic acid
d. glucose |
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Definition
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Term
In the Krebs cycle, the carbon atoms in a three-carbon molecule are released in
a. one molecule of glucose.
b. one molecule of water.
c. three molecules of oxygen.
d. three molecules of carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
| a. one molecule of glucose. |
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Term
The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is
a. pyruvic acid.
b. glucose.
c. coenzyme A.
d. NADH. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is an electron carrier that plays a role in cellular respiration?
a. ATP
b. NADP+
c. pyruvic acid
d. NAD+ |
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Definition
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Term
ATP synthase is an enzyme. Find ATP synthase in Figure 9–8. What reaction does ATP synthase catalyze when an H+ ion passes through its channel?
a. ATP synthase converts ADP into ATP.
b. ATP synthase converts NADH into NAD+.
c. ATP synthase converts FADH2 into FAD.�
d. ATP synthase converts ATP into ADP. |
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Definition
| a. ATP synthase converts ADP into ATP. |
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Term
| Glycolysis alone nets only ____ molecules of ATP from each glucose molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
What process do the arrows for oxygen going in and water coming out represent in the Figure 9–2 diagram of the mitochondria?
a. the Krebs cycle
b. electron transport
c. fermentation
d. glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
The net products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is directly used to
a. transport H+ ions.
b. split water molecules.
c. make lactic acid.
d. make citric acid. |
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Definition
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Term
Without the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain cannot function.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
The starting molecule for glycolysis is
a. ADP.
b. pyruvic acid.
c. citric acid.
d. glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
High-energy electrons that move down the electron transport chain ultimately provide the energy needed to
a. convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules.
b. convert carbon dioxide into water molecules.
c. break down glucose into pyruvic acid molecules.
d. transport water molecules across the membrane. |
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Definition
| a. convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules. |
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Term
In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
a. 2 ATP molecules.
b. 18 ATP molecules.
c. 4 ATP molecules.
d. 36 ATP molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following pass high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain?
a. citric acid
b. NADH and FADH2
c. ATP and ADP
d. acetyl–CoA |
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Definition
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Term
In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the
a. nucleus.
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.
c. cell membrane.
d. cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| b. inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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Term
Electron carriers bring electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
Glycolysis requires
a. sunlight.
b. oxygen.
c. ATP.
d. NADP+. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?
a. glycolysis
b. electron transport
c. Krebs cycle
d. photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
The first few seconds of intense exercise use up the cell’s stores of fat.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process?
a. the Krebs cycle
b. glycolysis
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. lactic acid fermentation |
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Definition
| c. alcoholic fermentation |
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Term
Which statement mainly explains why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves for athletic events that last several hours?
a. Lactic acid fermentation can cause muscle soreness.
b. Heavy breathing is needed to get rid of lactic acid.
c. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does.
d. Alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
| c. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does. |
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Term
Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of
a. stopping the electron transport chain.
b. making more citric acid.
c. repaying an oxygen debt.
d. restarting glycolysis. |
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Definition
| c. repaying an oxygen debt. |
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Term
The two main types of fermentation are called
a. lactic acid and anaerobic.
b. alcoholic and lactic acid.
c. alcoholic and aerobic.
d. aerobic and anaerobic. |
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Definition
| b. alcoholic and lactic acid. |
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Term
When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out
a. lactic acid fermentation.
b. glycolysis.
c. cellular respiration.
d. alcoholic fermentation. |
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Definition
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Term
During fermentation,
a. NAD+ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue.
b. oxygen is required.
c. carbon dioxide is produced.
d. glucose is split into 3 pyruvic acid molecules |
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Definition
| a. NAD+ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue. |
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Term
If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time that you exercise?
a. at least 90 seconds
b. less than 15 minutes
c. 15 to 20 minutes
d. more than 20 minutes |
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Definition
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Term
The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requires
a. alcohol.
b. oxygen.
c. NADH.
d. ATP |
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Definition
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Term
During the course of a long race, a person’s muscle cells will use both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
a. muscle cells.
b. mitochondria.
c. any environment containing oxygen.
d. bread dough. |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following are sources of energy for humans during exercise EXCEPT
a. lactic acid fermentation.
b. stored ATP.
c. cellular respiration.
d. alcoholic fermentation. |
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Definition
| d. alcoholic fermentation |
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Term
| If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such as fats, for energy. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
When microorganisms in milk produce acid under certain conditions, yogurt results. Which of these processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt?
a. lactic acid fermentation
b. alcoholic fermentation
c. the Krebs cycle
d. photosynthesis |
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Definition
| a. lactic acid fermentation |
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Term
The energy needed to win a 1-minute footrace is produced mostly by
a. breaking down fats.
b. using up stores of ATP.
c. lactic acid fermentation.
d. cellular respiration |
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Definition
| c. lactic acid fermentation |
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Term
| A person who regularly does aerobic exercise probably takes in __________oxygen than a sedentary (accustomed to sitting or to taking little exercise) person. |
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Definition
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Term
| The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A high level of lactic acid in the body is a sign that _________________________ has occurred. |
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Definition
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