Term
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Definition
| all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of all Earth's ecosystems (Concepts 1.1, 34.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| community of living things plus the nonliving features of the environment that support them (Concepts 1.1, 34.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| living thing (Concept 1.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| basic unit of living matter; separated from its environment by a plasma membrane (Concept 1.1) |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| molecule responsible for inheritance; nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose (Concepts 1.1, 11.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of inherited information in DNA (Concept 1.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct form of life (Concept 1.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| broadest category used to classify life forms (Concept 1.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| consisting of a single cell (Concept 1.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles (Concepts 1.2, 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles (Concepts 1.2, 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| consisting of many cells (Concept 1.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| complex organization formed from a simpler combination of parts (Concept 1.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars (Concepts 1.3, 7.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that makes its own food (autotroph) and produces organic molecules that serve as food for other organisms in its ecosystem (Concepts 1.3, 7.1, 36.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that obtains food by eating producers (autotrophs) or other consumers (Concepts 1.3, 7.1, 36.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| internal stability or "steady state" maintained by the body (Concepts 1.3, 27.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment (Concepts 1.3, 14.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time (Concepts 1.3, 14.3, 34.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals (Concepts 1.3, 14.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population that account for all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time (Concepts 1.3, 14.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| use of the senses to gather and record information about structures or processes in nature (Concept 2.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| recorded observations or items of information (Concept 2.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| logical conclusion based on observations (Concept 2.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| general conclusion (Concept 2.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested, testable answer to a well-defined scientific question (Concept 2.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| any factor in an experiment that is not constant (any factor that can change) (Concept 2.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| experiment that tests the effect of a single variable (Concept 2.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| collected body of data from observations and experiments (Concept 2.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| well-tested explanation that makes sense of a great variety of scientific observations (Concept 2.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| physical, mental, or mathematical representation of how people understand a process or an idea (Concept 2.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| application of scientific understanding for a specific purpose (Concept 2.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that occupies space and has mass (Concept 4.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means (Concept 4.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| element critical to health that makes up less than 0.01 percent of body mass (Concept 4.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| substance containing two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio (Concept 4.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest particle of an element (Concept 4.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electric charge (+) (Concept 4.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electric charge (-) (Concept 4.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| subatomic particle that has no charge (is electrically neutral) (Concept 4.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| in an atom, the central core that contains protons and neutrons (Concept 4.2); in a cell, the part that houses the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons in an atom's nucleus; is unique for each element (Concept 4.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of several forms of an element, each containing the same number of protons in their atoms but a different number of neutrons (Concept 4.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| isotope in which the nucleus decays (breaks down) over time, giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy (Concept 4.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical bond that occurs when an atom transfers an electron to another atom (Concept 4.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| atom that has become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing an electron (Concept 4.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons (Concept 4.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds (Concept 4.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking of old and formation of new chemical bonds that result in new substances (Concept 4.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| starting material for a chemical reaction (Concept 4.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| material created as a result of a chemical reaction (Concept 4.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| bond created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between unlike molecules (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules in a sample of matter (Concepts 4.4, 7.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the average energy of random motion of particles in a substance (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| uniform mixture of two or more substances (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| substance in a solution that dissolves the other substance and is present in the greater amount (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| substance in a solution that is dissolved and is present in a lesser amount (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| solution in which water is the solvent (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that donates H+ ions to an aqueous solution and measures less than 7 on the pH scale (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that removes H+ ions from an aqueous solution and that measures more than 7 on the pH scale (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| a range of numbers used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is; ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic) (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that maintains a fairly constant pH in a solution by accepting H+ ions when their levels rise and donating H+ ions when their levels fall (Concept 4.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon-based molecule (Concept 5.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| non-carbon-based molecule (Concept 5.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms (Concept 5.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules (Concept 5.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| attracts water molecules (Concept 5.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule (Concept 5.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| long chain of small molecular units (monomers) (Concept 5.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound made of sugar molecules (Concept 5.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar containing one sugar unit (Concept 5.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar containing two monosaccharides (Concept 5.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers (Concept 5.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers (Concept 5.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers (Concept 5.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls (Concept 5.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a class of water-avoiding compounds (Concept 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| avoids water molecules (Concept 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids (Concept 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (Concept 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains (Concept 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings (Concept 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| steroid molecule present in the plasma membranes of animal cells (Concept 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| polymer constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers (Concept 5.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups (Concept 5.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| chain of linked amino acids (Concept 5.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor (Concept 5.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction (Concept 5.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that speeds up chemical reactions (Concept 5.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell (Concept 5.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| specific reactant acted on by an enzyme (Concept 5.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits (Concept 5.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| generalization that all living things are composed of cells, and that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| photograph of the view through a microscope (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of a cell with a specific function (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin outer boundary of a cell that regulates the traffic of chemicals between the cell and its surroundings (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| in an atom, the central core that contains protons and neutrons (Concept 4.2); in a cell, the part that houses the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| region of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| strong wall outside a plant cell's plasma membrane that protects the cell and maintains its shape (Concept 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell lacking nucleus and most other organelles (Concepts 1.2, 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles (Concepts 1.2, 6.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| two-layer "sandwich" of molecules that surrounds a cell (Concept 6.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which the number of diffusing molecules moving in one direction is equal to the number moving in the opposite direction (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
| selectively permeable membrane |
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Definition
| membrane that allows some substances to pass more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion across a membrane requiring only the random motion of molecules with no energy expended by the cell (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway provided by transport proteins that helps certain molecules pass through a membrane (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| having a higher concentration of solute than another solution (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| having a solute concentration equal to that of another solution (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of exporting proteins from a cell by a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and spilling the proteins outside the cell (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of taking material into a cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane (Concept 6.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| double membrane that surrounds a cell nucleus (Concept 6.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| ball-like mass of fibers and granules in a cell nucleus (Concept 6.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of proteins and nucleic acids that constructs proteins in a cell (Concept 6.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| network of membranes within a cell's cytoplasm that produces a variety of molecules (Concept 6.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular organelle that modifies, stores, and routes cell products (Concept 6.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound sac that buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus (Concept 6.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides (Concept 6.4) |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle found in some plant cells and certain unicellular organisms where photosynthesis takes place (Concepts 6.5, 8.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular organelles where cellular respiration occurs (Concept 6.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work (Concepts 6.5, 7.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| straight, hollow tube of proteins that gives rigidity, shape, and organization to a cell (Concept 6.6) |
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Term
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Definition
| solid rod of protein, thinner than a microtubule, that enables a cell to move or change shape (Concept 6.6) |
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Term
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Definition
| long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move (Concept 6.6) |
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Term
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Definition
| short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface (Concept 6.6) |
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