Term
| What were the islands where Darwin discovered plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin of new species and is at the focal point of evolutionary theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must evolutionary theory explain? |
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Definition
| How new species originate and how populations evolve. |
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Term
| What consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool? |
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Definition
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Term
| What refers to evolutionary change above the species level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Latin word meaning "kind" or "appearance?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What four things do biologists compare when grouping organisms? |
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Definition
| Morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and DNA sequences. |
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Term
| What states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring and they do not breed successfully with other populations? |
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Definition
| Biological species concept. |
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Term
| What holds the phenotype of a population together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the offspring of crosses between different species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways reproductive isolation can be classified? |
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Definition
| Whether factors act before or after fertilization. |
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Term
| What are three ways prezygotic barriers block fertilization from occurring? |
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Definition
| Impeding different species from attempting to mate, preventing the successful completion of mating, and hindering fertilization if mating is successful. |
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Term
| What is it called when two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when morphological differences can prevent successful mating? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three ways postzygotic barriers prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult? |
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Definition
| Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown. |
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Term
| What occurs when genes of the different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development? |
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Definition
| Reduced hybrid viability. |
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Term
| What occurs because hybrids may be sterile, even though they may be vigorous? |
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Definition
| Reduced hybrid fertility. |
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Term
| What occurs when some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What concept defines a species by structural features? |
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Definition
| Morphological species concept. |
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Term
| What concept applies to sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective data? |
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Definition
| Morphological species concept. |
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Term
| What concept views a species in terms of its ecological niche? |
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Definition
| Ecological species concept. |
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Term
| What concept applies to sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the role of disruptive selection? |
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Definition
| Ecological species concept. |
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Term
| What concept defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree? |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic species concept. |
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Term
| What concept applies to sexual and asexual species, but it can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species? |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic species concept. |
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Term
| What are the two ways speciation can occur? |
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Definition
| Allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. |
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Term
| When is gene flow interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the definition of "barrier" depend on? |
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Definition
| The ability of a population to disperse. |
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Term
| What are three ways separate populations may evolve independently? |
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Definition
| Mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. |
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Term
| Do regions with many geographic barriers typically have more or fewer species than do regions with fewer barriers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does reproductive isolation between populations generally increase or decrease as the distance between them increases? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does speciation take place in geographically overlapping populations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is polyploidy much more common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can drive sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In allopatric speciation, what restricts gene flow between populations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does a hybrid zone occur? |
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Definition
| A single band where adjacent species meet. |
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Term
| What is many time different between hybrids and parent species? |
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Definition
| Hybrids often have reduced fitness. |
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Term
| What are the three possible outcomes when closely related species meet in a hybrid zone? |
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Definition
| Strengthening of reproductive barriers, weakening of reproductive barriers, continued formation of hybrid individuals. |
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Term
| What occurs when hybrids are less fit than the parent species? |
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Definition
| Reinforcement of barriers. Rate of hybridization decreases. |
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Term
| What are three ways broad patterns in speciation can be studied? |
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Definition
| Fossil record, morphological data, or molecular data. |
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Term
| What term describes periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change? |
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Definition
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Term
| What model contrasts with a model of gradual change in a species' existence? |
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Definition
| Punctuated equilibrium model. |
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Term
| What does the punctuated pattern in the fossil record and evidence from lab studies suggest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cumulative effect of many speciation and extinction events? |
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Definition
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