Term
| What is the DNA-protein complex called in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| When nucleotide sequences from two different sources, often 2 species, are combined in vitro in the same DNA molecule it makes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Methods for making recombinant DNA are central to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products? |
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Definition
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Term
| To work with specific genes, scientists prepare gene-sized pieces of DNA in identical copies. This process is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene? |
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Definition
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Term
| Foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid, and the recombinant plasmid is inserted into the bacterial cell. Reproduction in the bacterial cell results in the cloning of the plasmid including the foreign DNA. This results in what? |
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Definition
| The production of multiple copies of a single gene. |
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Term
| What cut DNA molecules at specific sites? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are sites where restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| A restriction enzyme usually makes many cuts, yielding what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what way do the most useful restriction enzymes cut the DNA? |
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Definition
| A "staggering" way that produces fragments with "sticky ends" that bond with complimentary sticky ends of other fragments. |
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Term
| What is an enzyme that seals bonds between restriction fragments? |
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Definition
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Term
| In gene cloning, what is the original plasmid called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a collection of many bacterial or phage clones, each containing copies of a particular DNA segment from a foreign genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a large plasmid that has been trimmed down and can carry a large DNA insert? |
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Definition
| A BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome). |
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Term
| What is made by cloning DNA made in vitro by reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of library represents only part of the genome-only the subset of genes transcribed into mRNA in the original cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| How can a clone carrying the gene of interest be identified? |
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Definition
| With a nucleic acid probe having a sequence complementary to the gene. |
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Term
| What is the process of identification of a clone with a nucleic acid probe called? |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid hybridyzation. |
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Term
| How can a DNA probe screen a large number of clones for the gene of interest? |
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Definition
| A probe can be synthesized that is complementary to the gene of interest. |
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Term
| After the gene of interest is found, what can be done? |
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Definition
| The clone carrying the gene can be cultured. |
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Term
| What are the benefits of cloning a gene? |
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Definition
| After a gene has been cloned, it's protein product can be produced in a larger scale for research. |
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Term
| To overcome differences in promoters and other DNA control sequences, scientists usually employ what? |
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Definition
| An expression vector: A cloning vector that contains a highly active prokaryotic promoter. |
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Term
| The use of what helps to avoid gene expression patterns? |
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Definition
1. Cultured eukaryotic cells
and
2. Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) |
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Term
| What are the benefits of YACs? |
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Definition
| They behave normally in mitosis, and can carry more DNA than a plasmid. |
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Term
| What are the benefits of Eukaryotic hosts? |
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Definition
They can provide the post-translational
modifications that many proteins require. |
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Term
| What are 2 methods of introducing recombinanat DNA into eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
1. Electropartion (brief electrical pulse).
2. Inecting DNA with microscopic needles. |
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Term
| These can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA. |
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Definition
| A PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). |
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Term
| What is the 3 step cycle used to produce a PCR? |
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Definition
1. Heating
2. Cooling
3. Replication
(Done in a thermocycler) |
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Term
| What are the three steps in the PCR chain? |
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Definition
1. Denature
2. Anneal
3. Elongation |
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Term
| one indirect method of rapidly analyzing and comparing genomes is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when DNA fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of a DNA molecule are sorted by gel electrophoresis? |
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Definition
| Restriction fragment analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Yeast artificial chromosome. |
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Term
| What is a cloning vector that contains a highly active prokaryotic promoter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of DNA technology? |
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Definition
| The microarray, a measurement of gene expression of thousands of different genes. |
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Term
| What do "sticky ends" do? |
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Definition
| Bond with complemetary sticky ends of other fragments. |
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Term
| What is the collection of recombinant vector clones produced by cloning DNA fragments from an entire genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a genomic library that is made using bacteriophages stored? |
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Definition
| As a collection of phage clones. |
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Term
| What are another type of vector used in DNA library construction? |
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Definition
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