• occurs in humans
• damaged organelle or small amount of cytosol is surrounded by a double membrane, of unknown origin, and a lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of this vesicle. Then lysosomes dismantle material and organic materials return to cytosol for reuse.

Protective, rigid layers external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants and prokaryotes that protects.

• In a plant cell
• controls how much material goes into the cell
• adds more surface ares and volume with out having to control cytosol area
• membrane bounded vesicles
• very big
• important for storage
• contractile vacuoles: pump excess water out of the cell, to maintain suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside cell.

• found in plants
• sites of photosynthesis
• convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from co2 and water.
• have 3 membranes separating their inner most space from the cytosol.
• membrane proteins are made by free ribosomes in the cytosol and by ribosomes contained within organelles.
• has it's own DNA and ribosomes

• carry genes
• made of DNA and protein
• inside the nucleus

• inside of the cell membrane
• semi fluid mixture of water and organic and inorganic compounds
• part of the cytoplasm

• consists of the ER, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes
• the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct contact or by transfer or membranous vesicles.

• ER lumen- internal, continous and connected to nuclear envelope
• Rough ER: ribosomes bounded to it, particular make proteins that are inside membranes and ones that are destined to be released by themselves, proteins are transported to other parts of the cell through transport vesicles, proteins get glycosylated in the lumen of the rough ER, the membrane factory for the cell
• Smooth ER: lack of ribosomes gives it the smooth appearance, synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones, oils. Detoxification of poison such as alcohol, by adding hydroxyl groups making it more soluble. storage for calcium

• After trans end of golgi apparatus
• used to digest macromolecules, or defective macromolecules or organelles and recycles their components
• renew cells

• 1m-10m: human height
• .1m-1m: length of some nerve and muscle  cell
• 1cm- .1m: chicken egg
• 1mm-1cm: frog egg
• 100um-1mm:
• 10um- 100um: most plant and animal cells
• 1 um- 10 um: nucleus, bacteria, mitochondrion
• 100nm- 1um: smallest bacteria
• 10nm- 100nm: viruses, ribosomes
• 1nm- 10nm: proteins, lipids
• .1nm- 1nm: small molecules, atoms

• The sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic processes that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen.
• 2 membranes separating their inner most space from the cytosol
• membrane proteins are amde by free ribosomes in the cytosol and by ribosomes contained within organelles.
• Has it's own DNA and ribosomes

• double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores; continuous with ER
• lipid bilayer 

• hole that has protein gates where material gets in and out of cytoplasms
• protein is gate keeper
• pore complex: protein
• continuous through inner and outer envelope

• produces components of ribosomes
• located in the center of the nucleus
• surrounded by chromatin

• located in a prokaryotic cell
• holds chromosomes and DNA
• does not have membrane

• contains chromosomes
• nucleolus in the middle and chromatic on the outside sourrounded by nuclear envelope

• Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukeryotic cell.

• large particulate substances are taken up by a cell (protist)
• single cell organisms

• Membranes at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier regulating cells chemical composition

• in the cytoplasm
• function by making protein
• made of 2 subunits
  • large structures
  • consists of 50 different proteins
  • .5 um
• 2 types that are structurally identical and can alter roles
  • free ribosomes: just floating around in the cytosol
  • bound ribosomes: bound to membranes; attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

• flattened interconnected sacs inside chloroplast
• garun are sacs of thylakoids
• stroma is the fluid outside thylakoid

• sacs made of membrane