Used to view opaque (non-transparent) objects

Contains the 4 objectives and can be rotated to change objectives

(4X, 10X, 40X, 100X objectives)

(Shortest to Longest)

Product of eyepice and objective lens magnifications

(Eyepiece magnification=10X)

Moves the slide.

Lower Knob=moves slide left and right

Upper knob=moves the slide towards or away from you

Sharpen the image

Only used with 4X and 10X objective

moces the stage up or down quite a distance

Used with any magnification objective

Moves the stage vertically only a small distance

Magnifies up to 30X

Used to view specimens from a few hundredths of a mm to one cm

Used for things you can usually already see with the naked eye, but want to see in more detail

Allows you to see specimen in 3D

Allows magnification up to 1000X

Used for specimens smaller than .1 mm to a couple mm

Normally specimen is not visible to the naked eye

Specimen needs to be extremely thin so light can pass through, but this gets rid of 3D shape

Ionic R group=charged

Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, and histidine

Property that you change or manipulate in a systematic way

~the pH of the buffer (4,6,8)

Outcome affected by the independent variable

~electrical charge on protein

Inverse relationship between pH of buffer and charge of protein (Downward slope to the right)

Higher pH=lower net charge or more negative

H+ ion concentration decreases

H+ ions stick on proteins and cause it to have a positive charge; lower pH leads to higher H+ concentration

1. Without any blank in the holder, turn the left knob to 0% transmittance which is 100% absorption

2. Put the blank in and turn the right knob to 100% transmittance which is 0% absorption

Transmittance=top numbers (right knob)

Absorption=bottom numbers (left knob)

As lipid solubility increases, the molecule becomes more permeable (direct relationship~increasing slope to the right); more CH or nonpolar bonds=more permeable

*Lipid solubility "trumps" size!

time it takes to lysis - starting point (bigger #)+ starting amount = H50

2 

permeability increases

*direct relationship

simple protist that lacks mitochondria but have 2 nuclei, move by way of flagella, looks like a face; heterotroph

GIARDIA

Move by way of pseudopodia which are stiff and project out to catch food; heterotroph

RADIOLARA

Move by way of pseudopodia which extend, reach out, attach, and pull an amoeba along; allow amoeba to engulf food particles from environment; heterotroph

AMOEBA PROTEUS

Move by way of flagella; some are photosynthetic; autotroph

EUGLENA

Move by way of flagella; have one large mitochondrion that contains kinetoplast; kinetoplast contains DNA and proteins that help with mitochondrial function; autotroph

TRYPANOSOMA (sleeping sickness)

Move by way of cilia; unicellular; specialized regions for feeding, excretion, and locomotion; heterotrophic

PARAMECIUM

disease causing internal parasites of animals; unicellular; heterotrophic

PLASMODIUM

unicellular; photosynthetic (chlorophyll a and c); autotrophic; moves by way of flagella; "shells" of cellulose and silica give it it's shape

PERIDINIUM

move by way of 2 flagellas; phosynthetic (cholorphyll a and c); autotrophic; unicellular; silica/calcium in cell wall

DIATOMS

photosynthetic (chlorophyll a and c); multicellular; autotrophic

SARGASSUM and FUCUS

seaweeds; autotrophic; photosynthetic (cholorphyll a and d)

BATRACHOSPERMUM

heterotrophic (take in food by phagocytosis); acellular; sometimes produces spores; multinucleated

PHYSARUM

heterotrophic; cell walls made of chitin; multinucleate

zygomycota, basidiomycota, ascomycota

ALL END IN -MYCOTA

reproduce sexually by having the hyphae of adjoining individuals extending branches taht make contact, coalesce, and form gametes that fuse together to form a zygote that then can develop into an individual

RHIZOPUS

reproduce sexually via basidia

Ex: mushrooms you see walking through the woods

CLUB MUSHROOM

very diverse group; heterotrophic; reproduce sexually via asci structures that contain spores

SACCHAROMYCES (YEAST)