Term
DOMAIN EUKARYA
SUPERGROUP OPISTHOKONTA
KINGDOM FUNGI
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Definition
FUNGI
Domain _______
Supergroup _____
Kingdom _____
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi are similar to animals in that they are _______ |
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Definition
| Fungi secrete enzymes that break down organic material and absorb small organic molecules called ____ ____. |
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| Fungi store food as _____ _____. |
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Fungi have ____ cell walls composed of _____.
-structural polysaccharide; protects and resists bacterial attack; also found in insect exoskeletons |
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| Most fungi have a filamentous structure called ____. A mass of this structure is called ______. |
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| ____ _____ (mushrooms) are tightly interwoven hyphae. |
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Definition
| may be largest organism-- weighs hundreds of tons, covers over 2200 acres in Oregon, estimated over 2000 years old. |
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| Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually via _______. |
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Definition
Asexual spores in fungi.
-produced at tips of hyphae
-if landed on favorable substrate, germinate into new mycelium.
_____ stage is dominant. |
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Definition
| If different mating types of fungi come in contact with each other, ____ ____. |
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Term
| DIKARYOTIC (2 nuclei) MYCELIUM |
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Definition
In most fungi, nuclei of 2 types remain separate producing a ____ _____.
-each cell contains two unfused haploid nuclei. |
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Definition
Dikaryotic mycelium may produce fruiting body, which usually ____ __ ____.
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Term
DIPLOID ZYGOTE
HAPLOID
GERMINATE |
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Definition
| In mature fruiting body, nuclei of dikaryotic mycelium fuse, producing ____ ____. They undergo meisosis, producing ___ spores. If spores land on suitable substrate, they _____. |
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fruiting body structure of fungi adapted for ___ ___
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Definition
| release spores into the wind |
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Definition
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| rotting meat smell; flies disperse spores |
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produced underground; attract pigs/dogs
spores spread after being dug up |
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| ____ are defensive adaptations of fungi. |
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Definition
| cause 90% of mushroom fatalities |
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Definition
| Aspergillus flavus secretes _____, most potent natural carcinogen (attacks liver); grows on moist grains, seeds, peanuts; |
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Definition
infects grain, primarily rye
-produces compound similar to LSD
-affects central nervous system, causing hysteria, convulsions, death
-linked to Salem Witch Trials |
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Definition
| "magic mushroom" used in cultural rituals |
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Definition
Many fungi are _____
-live on and decay dead organic material
-ecologically important decomposers |
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Definition
Some fungi are _____
-Arthrobotrys anchonia traps nematode worms with loops of hyphae. |
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Definition
feed on living plant or animal tissue, causing disease
-athletes foot, ringworm, sick building syndrome in lungs |
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Pathogenic Fungi include yeasts that are ____, having two forms
-spore producing hyphae in soil
-pathogenic when mammals inhale spores
In host body, yeast form ___ that easily stick to cells and spread. |
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Term
MUTALISTIC FUNGI
MYCORRHIZAE
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Definition
Mutualistic symbiosis between plant roots and fungi
-fungi increase surface area for water, mineral absorption
-plants provide food, oxygen
-found in >80% terrestrial plants |
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Term
ENDOMYCORRHIZAE
(inside fungus root cell)
aka ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE (AM) |
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Definition
| Fungal hyphae penetrate between root cell wall and plasma membrane. Forms highly branched bushy arbuscules inside root cells. Aka ____ _____. Found more often in herbaceous plants. |
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Term
ECTOMYCORRHIZAE
(outside fungus root cell) |
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Definition
Coat surface of root cells
Grow into space between root cells
Found in temperate forest trees |
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Term
FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES
(inside leaf) |
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Definition
Fungi that live within leaf and stem plant tissues
Plants provide food for fungi
Fungi produce toxins or antibiotics that deter herbivory or microbial pathogens |
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Definition
Mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria
Algae provide food and oxygen to fungi (photosynthesis)
Fungi provide water, minerals, CO2 |
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Term
CRUSTOSE
FOLIOSE
FRUTICOSE
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Definition
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Definition
| lichen that is flat and tightly adhered to substrate |
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| lichen that is leaf-like, often with curled edges |
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| lichen that appears to be branching, resembling tiny shrubs |
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Term
DIVERSE
DRY CONDITIONS
SLOW
4500
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Definition
Lichens live in _____ habitats.
Can remain dormant during ___ _____.
____ growth.
Persist for long time, some estimated ____ years old.
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitive to air pollutants, useful as air-quality monitors |
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Term
CITRIC ACID FOR SODA
GLYCEROL
ANTIBIOTICS (i.e. penicillin)
ORGAN REJECTION DRUG CYCLOSPORINE |
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Definition
| fungal biotechnology applications in chemical industry |
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Term
BLEU CHEESE
SOY SAUCE
YEAST FERMENTATION
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Definition
| fungal biotechnology applications in the food industry |
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Definition
| Forest fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium can break down ___ in wood. |
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Term
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Definition
chytrid phyla of Fungi
not monophyletic |
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Definition
zygomycetes phyla of Fungi
not monophyletic |
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Definition
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Definition
| ascomycetes or sac fungi phyla |
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| basidiomycetes or club fungi phyla |
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Definition
Simplest fungi, earliest fungi.
Mostly in aquatic habitats.
Only have flagellated zoospores.
Mostly decomposers, may be parasitic --linked to declining frog populations |
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Term
ZYGOMYCETES
ZYGO
phylum Zygomycota
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Definition
Aseptate hyphae (lacking cross walls/coenocytic)
___spores produced during sexual reproduction
-Rhizopus black bread mold |
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Definition
| Rhizopus sporangia produce ____ spores, formed at hyphae tips, resulting in black color. |
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GAMETANGIA
ZYGOSPORANGIUM |
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Definition
| Rhizopus _____ hyphae of different mating strands fuse, forming ________. |
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Definition
| In zygosporangium of Rhizopus, nuclei fuse and dark, thick-walled ____ forms. |
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Definition
| Zygospores of Rhizopus undergoes ____, producing haploid spores. |
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Definition
Phylum only found in arbuscular mycorrhizae
Aseptate hyphae |
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Definition
| only reproduce asexually via large spores with many nuclei |
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septate hyphae
"sac fungi" -- ascocarp furiting bodies sometimes cup shaped |
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Definition
| simple pores allow materials to pass |
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Term
ASCI --> ASCOSPORES
sexual reproduction
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Definition
| Inside the ascocarp fruiting body, sporangia called ___ produce _____. |
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Definition
| most common fungal component of lichens |
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Definition
| ____ and ____ are the fruiting bodies of mycorrhizal fungi |
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Definition
| examples include powdery mildews, Dutch elm disease, Ergot, cup fungi, yeasts |
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BASIDIOMYCETES
phylum Basidiomycota
(club fungi)
BASIDIA --> BASIDIOSPORES |
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Definition
septate with complex pores in cross walls
-club-shaped ____ produce _____.
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Definition
| usually found on the gills of mushroom caps |
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DIKARYOTIC
BASIDIA --> BASIDIOSPORES |
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Definition
_____ mycelium produces basidiocarp fruiting body (mushroom)
Inside basidiocarp, ____ produce ______. |
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Definition
examples of their fruiting bodies include mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shell fungi, rusts, smuts
-form mycorrhizae in forests |
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