Half the number of chromosomes (n)

Sex cells   

Ex: Haploid number for humans is 23   

   Full set of chromosomes from mother and father 

All body cells except sex cells

(egg and sperm )(2n)

Ex: diploid number for human is 46

Cell reproduction or division   

1 diploid cell produces 2

diploid cells with exact

same chromosomes

Special type of mitosis that produces gametes or sex cells

1 diploid cell produces 4 haploid cells with different chromosomes from the parent cell

Happens in meiosis

Homologous chromosomes exchange genes and mix them up from the mother and father  

HomologousChromosomes

Long strands of DNA found in nucleus

Humans have 46 chromosomes (diploid number)

One gene of a gene pair Alternate forms of a gene  

 Ex: Tt

Making of proteins at the ribosomes

Transcription and Translation

mRNA picks up the message from the

 DNA in the nucleus andcarries the

message tothe ribosomes

Getting the plan and taking it to the factory

(ribosomes)

Translating the mRNA code

from codons into amino acids to form

proteins tRNA brings the amino acids

to the ribosome

Bringing the raw materials to the factory

Made up of three nitrogen bases of

                             mRNA

   mRNACodes for different amino acids

Building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Made up of:* a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

* a phosphate group

 * a nitrogen base (adenine,thymine, guanine, cytosine)

In RNA thymine is replaced by uracil 

Deoxyribonucleic acid Found in nucleus Makes up genes; Contains the main code

for making proteins

Ribonucleic acid Made of ribose, phosphate and one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)

Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

mRNA

Messenger RNA picks up messege from DNA in nucleause and takes the messege to the ribosomes

Three nitrogen bases form CODONS

19

Transfer RNA

 Brings amino acid to the robosomes to build proteins

Has an ANTICODON on one end and an AMINO ACID on the other end

Ribosome RNA

Makes up ribsomes

Two identical gens or alleles of a gene pair

EX: TT or tt

 Two different genes or alleles of a gene pair

EX: Tt

a gene that is hidden by a dominant trait

Need two recessive genes for a trait to be expressed represented by a lower case letter

Two genes or allesles that are both expressed equally

EX: AB blood type in humans

Two genes that are partly expressed

(average)

ex: flower color in snapdragons pure red RR and pure white rr gives pink flowers

Rr

Genes found on the x chromosomes

ex: color blindedness in humans

XY 

Types of genes that make up an organism

EX: HH,Hh,hh

Physical trait expression of alleles or genes

EX: white flowers or O blood type or color blind

Trace a trait through generations

square -male

circle -female

filled in

A photograph of human chromosomes arranged in pairs by size

*can predict down's syndrome

Faliure of 21st chromosomes to serarate in meiosis

*person has 47 chromosomes

Making DNA from fingerprint

*cut up DNA with restrictive enzymes

* DNA goes at negative end of gel

*turn on electric current

*DNA travels to positive end

*longer strands of DNA (heavier)are at negative end and shorter strands travel farther