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Definition
| An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter. |
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Term
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Definition
(Chemosynthesis & Photosynthesis)- An organism capable of synthesizing
its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy-ie plants and
certain bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
Passive/active transport- passive transport- requires the cell to expend no energy-
active transport- requires the cell to expend energy. |
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Term
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Definition
Diffusion/osmosis- diffusion is when particles are moved from a place of higher
concentration to a place of lower concentration- ie salt to fresh water and the cell
experiment we did when the dye moved in to the cell. Osmosis is when molecules go
from low concentration area to high concentration areas. |
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Term
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Definition
Aerobic- the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen- regular cellular
respiration |
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Term
| Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis |
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Definition
Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis- Dehydration synthesis- the process of JOINING
two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water- chemical
reaction: Hydrolysis- a chemical BREAKDOWN of a compound due to reaction with
water. IE- these sound like opposites of what they do dehydration- joining- hydro-
breaking down |
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Definition
Metabolism- the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and
that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material. |
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Term
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Definition
Homeostasis- ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental
changes. Important for us to survive without it we would suffer from overheating and hypothermia
constantly.- nervous and endocrine systems control homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
Scientific Method- observing an occurrence or asking a question, researching the topic, forming a hypothesis,
designing and conducting an experiment, analyzing results, drawing a conclusion and reporting results |
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Definition
Hypothesis- proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further
investigation. |
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Definition
Controlled experiment- a test where the person conducting the test only changes one variable at a time
in order to isolate the results everything treated the same except one is controlled everything being
treated differently is uncontrolled. |
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Term
| Independent/Dependent Variables |
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Definition
Independent / dependant variables. Independent- a variable whose variation does not depend
on the variation of other variables. Dependent Variable- a variable that will change due to the
results of other variables. The independent changes the dependent so to find then look at which
changed which. |
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Term
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Definition
Law vs. Theory- Law- is something proven with facts that people have observed. Theory is an educated
guess describing events human were not around for ie for law gravity ie for theory the big bang
Evolution- overtime organisms adapted to their surroundings and were able to change certain
features of their offspring naturally in order to help them. ie giraffe neck. Those who could not
adapt died out.
Darwin- creator of the theory of evolution.
Darwin’s 5 principles
Variation exists within populations
Variations are inherited
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
Individuals with variations best suited for their habitat survive and are able to reproduce
Natural selection will change a population over time. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Definition of a species- the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile
offspring |
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Term
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Definition
5 kingdom system- Protista (the single-celled eukaryotes); Fungi (fungus and related organisms);
Plantae (the plants); Animalia (the animals); Monera (the prokaryotes). |
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Term
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Definition
Carrolus Linnaeus- went around Europe grouping organism into different groups- Animalia and Pantae-
his group names and using the Latin root for a group named is still how organisms are classified today.
Binominal nomenclature- the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living
organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet. |
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Definition
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species- order of grouping of animals from
broadest to most specific |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of a chemical element |
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Term
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Definition
| Adams form bonds by sharing their electrons with each other relying on the power of electric charge to keep themselves attached. |
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Definition
| A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. |
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Definition
| A way to determine a solutions acidity 1-6, 7 neutral, 8-14 basic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solvent that will when mixed with a solution tell its acidity or base levels. |
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Term
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Definition
Polymer / monomer Polymer- substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a
large number of similar units bonded together Monomer- a single molecule that can be bonded to from
a polymer. |
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Term
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Definition
Sugars, starches, -saccharides, -ose
CH 2 O
Quick energy- sugars that burn fast- good for sprinting
Polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose – long term energy
Monosaccharide is basic unit 1-2- 1
Disaccharide like glucose
Poly saccharide-like starch |
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Term
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Definition
Fat, wax, oil- long term energies that if not used can result in fat forming on your body
Forming lipid
Dehydration synthesis between Glycerol + 3 Fatty acid
Energy storage- energy can be stored for immediate use or stored in fats for long-term usage.
Basic unit is 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Saturated no double bonds unsaturated 1 double bond poly unsaturated is many double bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
Amino acid- the basic unit of a protein- contains a carboxyl and amino group
Forming peptide bonds- peptide bond- substance that has a molecular structure consisting
chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together bond formed when the
amino group of one molecule reacts with the carboxyl group of another molecule.
Dehydration synthesis between an amino group and carboxyl group
Primary (1°) N-terminus line C-terminus, secondary (2°) alpha helix beta bend, Tertiary (3°) alpha
bend batá helix-sheet c terminal, and Quaternary (4°) structure 1 polypeptide dimer-trimer
tetramer hemoglobin.
Basic unit is an amino acid, radical, and carboxyl group |
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Term
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Definition
DNA vs. RNA- DNA carries the genetic information of the cell and is kept inside the nuclear
envelope- RNA fits through the holes in the envelope and carries information to and from the
DNA
Nucleotide- compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form
the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Lock and key model- the enzymes fit into each other ie lysosome and whatever they engulf
o Enzyme substrate complex- The intermediate formed when a substrate molecule interacts with the
active site of an enzyme.- key is interacting with the (a site) keyhole
o Factors affecting enzyme function
pH (defined) some enzymes prefer different pH’s
temperature (denatured)- some enzymes prefer to work in certain temperatures. |
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Term
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Definition
History of the cell- cell theory was first developed by lenses makers, They created zoom lenses and
scientists used these to absorb corks- the design of the cork is where cell comes from- German scientists
discovered cells on plants first then shortly after animals concluding cells were the basic unit of life |
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Term
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Definition
Microscope- compound- Scanning Electron. Compound were earliest and were essential in discovering
cells and producing the cell theory. |
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Term
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Definition
Cell theory 1.All known living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by
division. 3.The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Prokaryote vs. eukaryote Prokaryote- microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a
membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria. No membrane bound
nucleus. Eukaryote- has distinct nucleus- membrane bound organelles- has specialized organelles |
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Term
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Definition
General organelles
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus (Nuclear membrane, Nucleolus, Chromatin) |
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Term
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Definition
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vesicles
Vacuoles
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plastids, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria. They are special because they contain their own sets of DNA and can reproduce independently. |
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Term
| Exceptions To The Cell Theory |
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Definition
Exceptions to the cell theory- Viruses are NOT composed of cells. But they do contain genetic material
(DNA and/or RNA). Mitochondria and chloroplast- can reproduce individually within a cell. Slime mold
because when its dry they all get together and all their cells inner pieces join together and flow as one. |
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Term
| Function of The Cell Membrane |
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Definition
Function of the cell membrane
Osmosis/ diffusion/ active transport- all take place with objects going through the cell
membrane- the cell membrane is there to control what and how much of something flows in
and out of a cell.
Transmembrane protein- ping pong protein-trap door protein- revolving door protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Main unit of cell energy Adenosine TriPhosphate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidation is the loss of electrons to another molecule. Reduction is the gain of electrons. Redox is both. |
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Term
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Definition
Glycolysis- breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP.
Essential of both forms of respiration.
o Form Acetyl CoA
o Kreb Cycle- a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. Makes 2
ATP
o Electron Transport Chain- a series of compounds that help electrons to transport hydrogen from the
inner mitochondria to the inner membrane space if the electrons start at the front of the chain they
bring 6 hydrogen through if they start in the middle they bring 4. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically
involving effervescence and the giving off of heat. |
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Term
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Definition
light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. In
stage 1, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule, 3-PGA. In
stage 2, the organic molecule is reduced using electrons supplied by NADPH. In stage 3, RuBP,
the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light reactions take place in the stroma Photosynthesis 1 and 2. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
CAM / C 4 Plants- seal off the valves that allow CO2 into the leaves at night so that the leaves will not dry out while
photosynthesis is not occurring. Photorespiration- a respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up
oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide, contrary to the general pattern of photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Anabolic vs catabolic- Anabolic builds up- ie anabolic steroids build up muscles. Catabolic breaks down
molecules to release energy. Up the hill is anabolic down the hill is Catabolic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell wall, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomes , Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, vesicles, vacuoles, centrioles, cytoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plastids, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria. |
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