Term
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Definition
| The process by which we attempt to understand the phenomenon around us by making hypotheses, creating an experiment, collecting data, and making a conclusion. |
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Definition
| study of the body's structure |
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Definition
| study of the body's functions |
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Definition
| study of nature/ surroundings |
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Definition
| study of the Earth, man's impact on ecology |
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Definition
| study of DNA and RNA, molecules |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| study of the inheritance of traits, DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation: crystal growth (non-living)
Assimilation: living growth, take in one material, convert to another |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual- involves 2 parents, progeny are genetically diverse
Asexual- single parent- fission (equal division), budding (unequal division) |
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Term
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Definition
have stages
or metamorphosis (morphological changes)
butterfly- complete metamorphosis
grasshopper- incomplete metamorphosis |
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Term
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Definition
adaptation- an inherited behavior/ characteristic that enables an organism to survive and reproduce
over time- adaptations modified by natural selection
life is always changing - on the level of DNA - change = evolution= biology |
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Term
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Definition
Atom-
Molecule-
Organelle-
Cell-
Tissue-
Organ -
Organ system (organs connected physically/ chemically that function together) -
Multicelluar organism (a living individual)-
Population- (a group of the same type of organism living in the same place and time)
Community- (all organism in a given place and time)
Ecosystem- (the living and nonliving environment)
Biome- (a group of ecosystems at the same climate)
Biosphere- (parts of the planet and its atmosphere) |
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Definition
| Demonstrates organization or patterns in living things- bilateral, radial, asymmetrical |
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Definition
| Every living thing has DNA/ RNA |
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Term
| Have an Energy Requirement |
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Definition
metabolism- biochemical reaction that acquire and use energy, sum of all chemical activity that provides for energy release
Autotrophs- self feed
Heterotroph- outside food |
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Term
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Definition
immediate response to stimuli
phototropism- grow away from sun
hydrotropism- grow toward water
thigmotropism- grow away from touch
geotropism- grown towards earth |
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Term
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Definition
balance with environment
the ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment despite outside conditions
blood redirection |
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Definition
| refers to the many different types of organisms on Earth |
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Term
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Definition
largest group of organisms
Domain Bacteria- unicellular
Archaea- very strong bacteria
Eukarya- nuclei and membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Protista
Monera |
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Term
| Biological Classifications |
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip came over for great sex |
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Term
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Definition
Domain- Eukarya
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominidae
Genus + Species- Homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a widely accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon, has stood through continual testing |
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Definition
| a statement of what always occurs under certain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| getting the same number/ answer repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| getting the answer accepted as being correct |
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Term
| Validity of an Experiment |
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Definition
| must be repeatable with same result |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor intentionally changed |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor that may change as a result of the IV |
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Term
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Definition
resolution + magnification
economical
easy to use
can view living things
can see color |
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Term
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Definition
SEM- scanning electron microscope
TEM- transmission electron microscope
costly
very high magnification
difficult to use
can't view living things
black and white
very large |
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Term
| Ultracentrifugation and Cell Fractionation |
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Definition
Separation of cell parts or blood parts by density
60,000 rpm |
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Term
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Definition
separation of pigments by weight
Rf value calculated |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of proteins and DNA fragments by the size and charge of the molecule (in a gel) |
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Term
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Definition
| the meticulous isolation of body parts using incisions and tissue separation to expose specific structures |
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Term
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Definition
| growing living cells in an artificial environment for research and grafting |
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Term
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Definition
matter wants to get to highest entropy with least amount of enthalpy
Synthesis
Decomposition
Single Replacement
Double Replacement
Evidence- change of state, color, smell, bubbles, precipitate, exo / endothermic |
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Term
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Definition
| is living, was living, came from a living thing, always has C,H, O at minimum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mixture physically mixed together that will eventually separate |
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Term
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Definition
| large molecules suspended by smaller ones- whipped cream |
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Term
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Definition
pH greater than 7
sour
caustic
turn blue litmus red
more H than pure H20
citric, abscorbic, salicylic, acidic |
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Term
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Definition
pH less than 7
bitter
corrosive
turns red litmus blue
less H than pure H20
basic solution: base dissolved in H20
alkaline solutions |
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Term
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Definition
pH less than 7
bitter
corrosive
turns red litmus blue
less H than pure H20
basic solution: base dissolved in H20
alkaline solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of hydrogen |
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Term
| Strong Acid + Strong Base |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
disproved abiogenesis by designing an experiment showing that the living things could not occur in the broth without being exposed to air- microorganisms came from the air
curved neck experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| potable (drinkable), tasteless, transparent, odorless, neutral pH |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolves almost anything- each ion surrounded by polar H2O molecules- ions no longer attracted to others |
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Term
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Definition
| one positive side, one negative side- makes water very cohesive |
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Term
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Definition
| heat required to raise temp of 1 gram of water 1 C, water has a high heat capacity- easier for organisms to live |
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Term
| less dense as a solid than liquid |
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Definition
| expands when solidifies (from H bonding)= dangerous to living things, cell ruptures |
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Term
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Definition
| attracted to itself, liquid from H bonds are very weak, new bonds constantly forming |
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Term
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Definition
| unlike molecules attracted to each other, liquid to glass |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of how difficult to break surface of a liquid- critical for capillary action |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks the surface tension |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water up a tube, how it moves through plants/ blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
repelled by water
nonpolar |
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Term
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Definition
giant molecules
made from thousands of smaller molecules
formed by polymerization
4 groups- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
smallest unit in polymerization
can be identical or different |
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Term
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Definition
| chain formed by monomers using polymerization |
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Term
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Definition
monosaccharide
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1)
used for energy |
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Term
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Definition
monosaccharide (simple sugar)
used for energy by human body
only sugar that can be transported through the blood
only sugar with oxygen
4 kcal |
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Term
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Definition
monosaccharide
sugar found in fruit |
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Term
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Definition
monosaccharide
sugar found in milk |
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Term
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Definition
single sugar molecule
mono- simple, sacchar- sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 monomers joined together to make a new molecule through dehydration synthesis (H2O is removed) |
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Term
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Definition
| large macromolecules formed from monosaccahrides |
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Term
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Definition
glucose + galactose
sugar in milk
disaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
glucose + fructose
table sugar
disaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
glucose + glucose
malt sugar, grains
disaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
how animals store excess sugar is stored in the liver
polysaccharide
glucose goes through polymerization
converted back when needed |
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Term
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Definition
how plants store their excess sugar
polysaccharide
insoluble in water |
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Term
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Definition
plant fiber
building material
polysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
exoskeleton
shells (lobsters)
polysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
tests for sugar
blue turns brown, green, orange depending on amount of sugar |
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Term
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Definition
tests for starch
turns black if starch is present |
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Term
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Definition
made of C,H,O
yield 9k cal per gram
insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
monomer- triglyceride
fats + oils
insulating, give body contour |
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Term
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Definition
3 fatty acid tails, entirely hyrdophobic,
glycerol (head) |
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Term
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Definition
2 tails, glycerol head, phosphate, top is hydrophyllic, bottom is hydrophobic
used in cell membrane- phospolipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophyllic |
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Term
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Definition
hydrophobic
ringed structure- 4 carbon rings
estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisone, cholesterol
most used as hormones (chemical messengers)
anabolic steroids- synthetic testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
all internal C atoms bonded to at least 2 H atoms
formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids
solid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
any other alcohol other than glycerol
ear wax- cerumen
hydrophobic
include fatty acids
cuticle of plants |
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Term
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Definition
fatty acids have maximum number of hydrogen atoms
no double bonds between C atoms
(animal fats- congeal) |
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Term
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Definition
fatty acids have double bonds between C atoms, at least 1
olive oil- liquid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
More than 1 double C bond
usually liquid at room temp
corn oil, canola oil |
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Term
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Definition
tests for lipids
yes- black |
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Term
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Definition
when fat is not soluble, goes into little pieces to digest
takes a long time |
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Term
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Definition
monomer- amino acid
PS. COHN
controls rate of reactions (enzymes)
form bone, muscles
transport substances in and out of cell to fight disease |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
a central carbon atom
an amino group (NH2)
a carboxyl group (COOH)
an H atom
a side chain, R |
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Term
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Definition
nonpolar amino acids
polar uncharged amino acidds
charged amino acids
acromatic amino acids
special- function amino acids
20 common amino acid groups |
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Term
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Definition
small protein
pigment in blood cells, transports O, CO, Fe |
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Term
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Definition
| insulin, regulate blood sugar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
organic catalyst
control speed of metabolic processes by lowering activation energy
break down food
sensitive to heat, acidity, high ionic content |
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Term
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Definition
| Each enzyme can break down or synthesize one particular compound (its substrate) |
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Term
| Enzymes- Activated Complex |
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Definition
| complex that is formed when an enzyme binds with its substrate |
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Term
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Definition
Active location on the catalyst where the substrate can attach
2 theories:
induced fit- enzyme uncomfortably forces itself and its substrate together to make a reaction
lock and key- the enzyme and substrate naturally fit perfectly together |
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Term
| 4 Levels of Protein Organization |
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Definition
primary- amino acids in protein chain
secondary- amino acids in chain are twisted, folded from H bonding
tertiary- chain itself is folded on itself ( a domain)
quaternary- 4 folded chains (domains)are connected in center at active site |
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Term
| Body Parts made of Protein |
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Definition
muscle
cartilage
ligaments
skin
hair |
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Term
| Unfolding Proteins (Denature) |
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Definition
process of changing a protein's shape- active site is lost
happens because of acidity, heat, ionic concentration |
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Term
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Definition
CHONP
monomer- nucleotide
made of long polymers of repeating nucleotides
store and transmit hereditary or genetic info
can have errors |
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Term
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Definition
5 carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
double ringed nucleotide
adenine
guanine
"pure agony" |
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Term
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Definition
single ringed
cytosine
thymine
uracil |
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Term
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
encodes info used to assemble proteins
sugar- deoxyribose
double stranded molecules
alpha double helix
base pairings- A/T G/C (Chargaff's Rule) |
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Term
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Definition
ribonucleic acid
reads DNA-encoded info to direct protein synthesis
single strand outside nucleus
sugar- ribose
base pairings- A/U G/C |
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Term
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Definition
messenger RNA
copies code of purines and pyrimidines |
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Term
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Definition
transfer RNA
collects amino acids to make proteins |
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Term
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Definition
ribosomal RNA
assembles proteins with amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
DNA-RNA
gets code from nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
MRNA-TRNA
reads code to make protein end up with protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
basic building blocks for all living things
provide structure
take in nutrients
convert nutrients to energy
specialized functions
contain hereditary material |
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Term
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Definition
all living things are composed of cells
cells are basic unit of structure and function
new cells are produced from existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
contain nucleus with genetic material
larger
more complex
more organelles
plants/ animals/ fungi/ protests |
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Term
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Definition
genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus, floats
smaller
simpler
low life forms- bacteria
cell walls
no membrane bound organelles
bacteria, viruses, rickettsia
ribosomes present
unicellular |
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Term
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Definition
| examined cork, named cells because they looked like bedroom chambers |
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Term
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Definition
observed pond water, found world of tiny organisms
discovered compound microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| all plants are made of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| all animals are made of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells are produced from existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic
outer cell membrane
flaccid, soft and flexible
rounder
no rigid cell walls
centrioles
astral rays
cleavage furrow |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic
cell wall
tonoplast
chloroplast
cleavage plate |
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Term
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Definition
parts of cells
membrane bound structures
have specialized function and structure
perform certain tasks
only in eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
cell membrane
separates internal and external environments
controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
1)double phospholipid membrane- polar hydrophyllic heads form top and bottom, nonpolar hydrophobic tails inside (amphipathic)
2)proteins embedded in membrane- integral, transmembrane, peripheral, glyco protein |
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Term
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Definition
semi-permeable (only water and gases can pass)
not static- moves |
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Term
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Definition
diffusion- higher concentration to lower
requires no energy
no carrier protein
moves with concentration gradient
nonpolar |
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Term
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Definition
how water moves freely across membrane
passive transport |
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Term
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Definition
uses ATP energy
materials move against concentration gradient
uses transport proteins to move materials
Ion pumps
co transport
important in nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
diffusion
uses a carrier protein to transport materials
changes shape to push molecules through
not free flowing
ion channels
no energy
carrier molecules assist
possible charge change across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
sol/ gel content of cell found between nucleus and cell membrane
suspends organelles |
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Term
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Definition
more liquid than solid
endoplasm- inner cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
more solid than liquid
ectoplasm- outer cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
when waste is pushed out of the cell
release of secretion granules
doesn't pass through cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
invagination (in-pocketing) of the cell membrane to bring materials into the cell without passing through the membrane
absorb molecules by engulfing them |
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Term
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Definition
form of endocytosis
engulfs solids
uses pseudopod "false foot" |
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Term
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Definition
form of endocytosis
engulfs fluids and already dissolved food
unspecific
uses pseudopod "false foot" |
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Term
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Definition
| on on side only of membrane |
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Term
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Definition
embedded membrane
i.e. channels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ID Markers
Y shaped
tell who cell belongs to |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship of solute to solvent in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
when cell is in balance with environment
inside and outside concentration of solute are equal |
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Term
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Definition
takes in more solvent when cell is hypotonic
cell swells to dilute solution |
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Term
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Definition
cell lets out solute
shrivels |
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Term
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Definition
false foot
when a projection of the membrane extends for motion/ food |
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Term
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Definition
| when the cell moves itself forward by switching the sol and gel back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
circulation/ streaming of cytoplasm in plant cells
chloroplasts moved motion affected by light, temp, pH |
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Term
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Definition
control center of the cell
one of the largest organelles
made of protons and neutrons
where DNA is packaged with histones
controls cell's activities |
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Term
| Nuclear Envelope/ Membrane |
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Definition
double membrane
surrounds nucleus
thousands of nuclear pores |
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Term
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Definition
| where ribosomal RNA protein synthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
not really organelles- not membrane bound
site of protein synthesis
made up of subunits of RNA and protein
free ribosomes in cytoplasm
bound ribosomes on rough ER
2 parts- large subunit, small subunit
small in prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| messenger RNA from nucleus move along ribosome where transfer RNA adds amino acid molecules to lengthen protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| threadlike DNA in nucleus when cell is not dividing |
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Term
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Definition
Condensed DNA
made of chromatin with added proetein
used when cell is dividing |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasm inside nucleus where DNA floats in threadlike chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
site of protein, carb, and lipid production
network of membrane-enclosed spaces
smooth ER- a surface for chemical reactions, controls calcium release in muscle cell contractions
rough ER- has ribosomes, transports proteins from ribosomes, involved in transport "intracellular highway" |
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Term
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Definition
stack of membrane enclosed sacks
"stacks of sacks"
receives its vesicles and content from RER
repackages secretions and sends them onto other organelles or out of cell
modify, sort, packages proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Suicide Sacks
fuses with vacuoles and digests vacuole's content
sack of hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion |
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Term
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Definition
Cell suicide
when cells are: injured, too old, served their purpose, overpopulated
allows cell replacement
caused by enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
natural cell death
part of growth and development
(fetus webbed fingers- separate) |
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Term
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Definition
vacuoles with enzymes
contain enzymes involved in lipid metabolism
contains peroxidase to break down toxic peroxide in cell
contain catalase to protect it from hydrogen peroxide damage |
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Term
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Definition
animal cells
membrane bound sacks formed by endocytosis
combine with lysosomes to promote digestion
food vacuole- storage |
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Term
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Definition
plant cell vacuole
large single water vacuole
used for storage of materials
tonoplast fills with water to make cell walls rigid and maintain turgor pressure |
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Term
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Definition
powerhouse of the cell
where cellular respiration takes place
converts glucose and oxygen into ATP
membrane, cristae (folds), matrix (space in between 2 membranes)
contains its own DNA
found in plant and animal
endosymbiotic theory |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle originally derived from prokaryotic cells but were taken inside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
site of photosynthesis
only in plants
contain chlorophyll- traps light for energy
double membrane, own DNA, stroma(liquid filler), thylakoid (stacks of grana), granum (where membrane coils and stacks and chlorophyll is embedded- penny shaped)
endosymbiotic theory |
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Term
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Definition
helps maintain cell shape
gives rigity
keeps cell in motion, movement
made of microtubules and microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
thread like fibers
move material across plasma membrane
involved in amoeboid movement and pesudopod formation
involved in cell division
actin, myacin
contraction causes cyclosis |
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Term
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Definition
hollow rods made of polymerized tubulin protein
radiate through cell to give it support
framework for organelle movement
make up centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| short hairlike structure for motion |
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Term
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Definition
| whiplike structure for motion |
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Term
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Definition
| in between microtubules and microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
1)different types of cells must be produced to perform different functions
2)larger a cell becomes, greater the demand on the cells for DNA
3)demand on nutrients and waste |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a cell divides into 2 new daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
carries genetic information that is passed onto new cells
made of tightly wound DNA wrapped around histones
made of 2 sister chromatids
humans have 46
kinetochore, centromere, p arm, q arm |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome where p arm is equal to q arm |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome where arms are unequal |
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Term
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Definition
| where p arm is so small it is hard to observe, q arm is long |
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Term
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Definition
| barely any p arm, usually not visible or present |
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Term
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Definition
| each chromosome is copied |
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Term
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Definition
longest
cell does most of its growing
transcription and translation
regular cell activities continue |
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Term
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Definition
synthesis
regular cell activities sstop
new DNA is synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
Final preparation for cell division
microtubules are mass-produced |
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Term
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Definition
cell division
an exact copy of the genetic material in the mother cell must be distributed to each daughter cell- 2N
consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
also called karyokinesis (thread condition) |
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Term
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Definition
DNA chromatin condenses into chromosomes around histones- become visible
longest phase
centrioles separate and move to opposite ends of nucleus
microtubules form fan like structure- spindel
nuclear envelope disappears
nucleolus disappears |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes line up at equator
spindle appears
kinetochore microtubules attaches each chromosome's centromere to a spindle fiber
most condensed time for chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
sister chromatids separate into individual chromoatids, moved apart
animal only- astral rays from spindle attach to diploid cells
ends when chromatids stop moving towards poles |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell
chromosomes lose distinct shapes and form dense cluster
nuclear membranes form around 2 clusters
spindle disappears
nucleolous becomes visible in each 2 daughter cells |
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Term
|
Definition
usually same time as telophase
division of cytoplasm
animal: cleavage furrow
plant: cleavage plate |
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Term
|
Definition
protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
checkpoints:
after S phase (monitors cell size and DNA Damage)
after G2 phase (ensures right conditions for division)
during M phase (checks for successful spindle formation) |
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Term
|
Definition
disorder in cells, do no respond to signals that regulate the growth of cells,
uncontrolled division |
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Term
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Definition
| each male chromosome has a corresponding female chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
cell with both sets of homologous chromosomes
means 2 sets
represented by 2N
2 complete sets of genes |
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Term
|
Definition
cell with a single set of genes
means 1 set
1N=4 |
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Term
|
Definition
body cell
undergoes mitosis
2N diploid
organs |
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Term
|
Definition
sex cell
undergoes meiosis
1N haploid
reproduction
come from somatic cells through oogenesis and spermatogenesis |
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Term
|
Definition
condensed DNA that determine the body's structure and function
44 paris |
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Term
|
Definition
condensed DNA that determine gender
1 pair
xx= girl
xy= boy
father determines gender |
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Term
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Definition
produce gametes and sex hormones
female- ovaries produce eggs- ovum
male- testes produce sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
in graafian follicle
oogonium 2N (doubles chromosomes)
primary oocyte (divides into ootids, asymetrical)
secondary oocyte (2N x 2)
results in 4 haploid asymmetrical cells (1 ovum, 3 discarded polar bodies)
sex cells to body ratio 1:1 |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs in seminiferous tubules
speratagonium 2N (doubles chromosome)
primary spermatocyte 4N (divides, symetrical)
secondary spermatocyte 4 spermatids
develop into 4 identical sperm
sex cells to body ratio 4:1 |
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Term
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Definition
| acrosome, spiral body, flagella |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells found between cells |
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Term
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Definition
process of producing sperm and ovaries
process of reduction division
number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
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Term
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Definition
| division resulting in haploid cells with 1/2 genetic material of their diploid parents |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sperm (23 chromosomes) + egg (23 chromosomes) = zygote 46 chromosomes from which organism develops through morula |
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Term
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Definition
DNA that was unraveled and spread all over the nucleus is condensed and repackaged
DNA replication- duplicate chromosomes
each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad
synapsis occurs
nuclear membrane disappears |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
crossing over, chromatids within tetrads exchange gentic material so offspring are not identical
occurs at chiasma point |
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Term
|
Definition
middle stage
tetrads line up along equator
spindel fibers attach at kinetochore |
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Term
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Definition
| one copy of each chromosome still composed of 2 chromatids moves to each pole |
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Term
| Meiosis I: Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis 1 |
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Definition
end stage
new nuclear membranes formed around chromosomes
cytokinesis occurs
2 haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as original |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitosis on daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
cells don't typically go through interphase between meiosis 1 and 2
chromosomes already condensed |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes line up along equator |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move apart |
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Term
| Meiosis II: Telophase II and Cytokinesis II |
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Definition
reformation of membrane
haploid cells with 1 set of chromosomes
made of 1 chromatid
ends with 4 haploid daughter cells |
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Term
|
Definition
contributes by
independent assortment: random section of chromatin duplicated in interphase I
crossing over: each tetrad has unique genetic information
fertilization: mom and dad are different |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ligament that lowers the testes right before delivery |
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Term
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Definition
| track that Gubernaculum descends down through |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny tubules coiled inside testes where sperm is produced and developed |
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Term
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Definition
20 ft coiled tube for collecting sperm
where sperm fully mature and are stored
the sperm cell leaves the testes through the epididymus |
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Term
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Definition
| male gonads that produce sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| tube that carries sperm from epididymus to urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| release of semen under pressure |
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Term
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Definition
external male productive organ
columns of erectile tissue, has sinuses
engorged with blood- erection |
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Term
| Cowper's gland/ prostate gland |
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Definition
| secretions add sugar and buffers to semen |
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Term
|
Definition
condensed chromatin wrapped around histone octomer
bead-like fiber
nucleosomes pack together to form a thick coiled fiber, fold long DNA into small spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes sperm when swimming |
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Term
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Definition
cartilage joint between pelvis halves
men- less cartilage
women- more cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm's enzymes on top of its head that digest external covering of egg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connects the sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| protein fiber that connects the centromere to the spindle |
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Term
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Definition
where ovum matures within ovary
liquid forms around the egg in the ovary, getting bigger until the cyst eventually erupts and the egg is released |
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Term
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Definition
yellow fluid that heals the crater in the ovary after the cyst erupts and the egg is released
leutinizing hormone
signaled by pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| when cell is released into uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
fleshy hood over clitoris
fatty tissue lying on the pubic bone |
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Term
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Definition
| small sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals at the anterior end of the vulva |
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Term
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Definition
strokes the ovum into the fallopian tube
is at the end of the fallopian tube |
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Term
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Definition
2 fluid-filled tubes where an egg passes after it is released from the ovary
where fertilization occurs |
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Term
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Definition
a pregnancy in which the fetus develops outside the uterus
typically in the fallopian tube |
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Term
|
Definition
human female gonad- produces egg
plants- flower structure that contains one or more ovules from which female gametophytes are produced |
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Term
|
Definition
onset of female menstruation
10-12 years old |
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Term
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Definition
Days 1-5
shedding of uterus lining (endometrium) |
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Term
|
Definition
transition period in a women's life
ovaries stop producing eggs
body produces less estrogen and progesterone
menstruation slowly stops |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| any organ used for sexual intercourse |
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Term
|
Definition
| fold of mucus membrane that covers the vaginal opening |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
birth canal
found at the neck of the womb
where uteran lining comes out of
canal that leads from uterus to the outside of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer lip of the vagina that protects the labia minor, urethra, clitoris, vagina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| passage for discharge of semen and urine |
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Term
|
Definition
isolated 2 different bacteria strands (pneumococcus)
killed one sample with heat- injected into mice- lived
mixed heat sample with harmful sample- injected- harmful
heat killed bacteria passed disease-causing ability onto live harmless bacteria- transfomration |
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Term
Oswald Avery
McCarty
MacLeod |
|
Definition
made extract from heat-killed bacteria
used enzymes to destroy
proteins
lipids
carbs
RNA
DNA
transformation did not occur for DNA- transforming factor, stores and transforms genetic info |
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Term
|
Definition
| discovered alpha-helical structure of proteins |
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Term
Alfred Hershey
Martha Chase |
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Definition
bacteriophage- bacteria eater virus
attaches to bacterium cell- inserts genetic info
produce new bacteriophages which destroy bacterium
genetic material of bacteriophage is DNA- not protein |
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Term
|
Definition
created Chargaff's rule
adenine- thymine (A-T)
guanine- cytosine (G-C) |
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Term
|
Definition
x-ray crystallography of DNA
DNA in X shape- twisted around each other- helix shape |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA strand- double helix, 2 strands wound around each other
built a model of the DNA alpha double helix
H bonds can from between A-T and G-C to hold the 2 strands together, base pairing |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which double stranded DNA is copied to produce a second identical DNA double helix |
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Term
|
Definition
each new strand has a piece of original
reduces error |
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Term
|
Definition
made of 6 proteins in ring shape
unwinds DNA double helix- 2 individual strands by breaking hydrogen bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
Tetromers
Coat single stranded DNA to prevent re-annealing |
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Term
|
Definition
RNA polymerase
synthesizes short RNA primers needed to start strand replication process |
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Term
|
Definition
hand shaped enzyme
puts nucleotides together to form DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
accessory protein
helps hold DNA polymerase onto the DNA strand during replication |
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Term
|
Definition
| removes the RNA primers that previously began the DNA synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| links short stretches of DNA together to create 1 long, continuous DNA strand |
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Term
|
Definition
| short pieces of lagging strand |
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Term
|
Definition
continuous DNA replication
3' to 5' direction
in direction of growing fork |
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Term
|
Definition
short pieces of DNA replication
5' to 3' direction
opposite movement of growing fork |
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Term
|
Definition
section of DNA coding for traits
controls the protein production within the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| production of RNA by copying part of DNA's sequence into complementary RNA sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| decoding of mRNA message to produce proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
sequences of nucelotides not used for protein coding
"junk genes" |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA sequences that do code for proteins
critical genes, express life functions |
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Term
|
Definition
3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide
start codon: AUG
stop codon: UAG, UGA, UAA |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes in genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
1 gene affected by
substitutions
insertions
deletions |
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Term
|
Definition
point mutations
insertions or deletions where all following amino acids are shifted- all codons change |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition where organism has extra sets of chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
one gene, one enzyme hypothesis
if codon changes- metabolic processes change
mistake in protein affects processes- purphyria |
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Term
|
Definition
| where proteins binding directly to DNA sequences at these sites can regulate transcription- their actions determine whether gene is turned on or off |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of genes that operate together |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 pair of genes for a given trait |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
2 condensed chromatid bound by a centromere
carries genetic info
one from dad one from mom |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| trait with higher frequency |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
section of DNA coding for that trait
genetic info for a single trait |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| traits passed on to next generation |
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Term
|
Definition
alleles are hybrids
1 dominant and 1 recessive in pair of same trait Hh |
|
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Term
|
Definition
2 dominant or 2 recessive
alleles are purebreads
HH or hh |
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Term
|
Definition
| allele whose homozygous expression is most similar to the heterozygous individual |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| least frequently seen trait |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
2 phenotypes
separately represented
only in autosomal traits
red flower x white flower = red with white stripes |
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Term
|
Definition
2 phenotypes represented
phenotypes blended
only in autosomal traits
both equally represented
red flower x white flower = pink flower |
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Term
|
Definition
Rhesus protein
presence of protein in blood
yes= Rh+
no= Rh- |
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Term
|
Definition
presence of 1 phenotype of a gene turns off the gene of another
ex: deafness |
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Term
|
Definition
more common in one gender
carried on the x chromosome only
common ones- hemopheliac, Duschenne's MD, baldness, color blindness |
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Term
| Dominant Autosomal Traits |
|
Definition
only need one copy of gene to have trait
Hh= huntington's |
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Term
| Recessive Autosomal Traits |
|
Definition
need two copies of gene to have trait
aa= albino |
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Term
|
Definition
A- receives A or O
B- receives B or O
AB- receives, A, B, AB, O
O- only receive O |
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Term
|
Definition
extremely tall
very flexible joints
heart and valve problems
breast bone curves in |
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Term
|
Definition
"dancer's disease"
inherited autosomal dominant trait
appears around age 40
abnormal neurro transmitters
fatal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
dominant form of inherited dwarfism
head too big
normal torso
limbs too short
heart problems |
|
|
Term
Kleinfelter's Syndrome
XXY |
|
Definition
only in men
get more feminine at puberty
47 chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
47 chromosomes
super females
tall
learning disabled
delayed speaking
poor coordination
wide face
eyes off set
ears tip down |
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|
Term
|
Definition
learning disabilities
normal sexual development
motor development delays
random
unpredictable
aggression |
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Term
|
Definition
short in stature
wide thick tongue
heart problems
learning disabled
developmentally delayed
almond shaped eyes |
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