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Biology Genetics
Genetic Terms
248
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2013

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Term
Light microscope (LM)
Definition
a device in which visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses, which refract the light and magnify the image of the specimen, which is projected to the eye
Term
Organelles
Definition
Membrane-enclosed, subcellular compartments
Term
Electron microscope (EM)
Definition
Introduced in the 1950s
Term
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Definition
Used for a detailed study of a specimen's surface
Term
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Definition
Used to study internal ultrastructure of cells
Term
Cell fractionation
Definition
Technique for studying cell structure and function
Term
Cytosol
Definition
A semifluid, jellylike substance enclosed by the plasma membrane
Term
Eukaryotic cell
Definition
Cell in which most of the DNA is in the nucleus
Term
Prokaryotic cell
Definition
Cell in which DNA is not concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed
Term
Nucleoid
Definition
region in which DNA is concentrated within a prokaryotic cell. is not enclosed by a membrane
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
A selective barrier at the boundary of a cell that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Structure that contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
Structure enclosing the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm
Term
Nuclear lamina
Definition
a netlike array of protein filaments maintaining the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
structures that carry the genetic information
Term
Chromatin
Definition
a complex of protein and DNA
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Structure in the nondividing nucleus
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Complexes made up of ribosomal rRNA
Term
Endomembrane system
Definition
Carries out protein synthesis and transport, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons
Term
Vesicles
Definition
sacs made of protein
Term
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
an extensive network of proteins, accounts for more than half of the cell's total membrane in many cells
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
region of the ER. Its surface lacks ribosomes
Term
Rough ER
Definition
region of the ER whose outer surface is covered with ribosomes
Term
Glycoproteins
Definition
Are secretory proteins
Term
Transport vesicles
Definition
Those that are in transit from one part of the cell to another
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Destination of many transport vesicles
Term
Lysosome
Definition
A membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Engulfing of smaller organisms or other food particles by amoebas and many other protists
Term
Food vacuoles
Definition
Formed by phagocytosis. The contents of it are eaten up by hydrolytic enzymes
Term
Contractile vacuoles
Definition
Structure of many freshwater protists
Term
Central vacuole
Definition
Structure in most mature plant cells
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
the sites of cellular respiration
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
sites of photosynthesis
Term
Peroxisome
Definition
an organelle
Term
Cristae
Definition
infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Term
Mitochondrial matrix
Definition
the space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Term
Plastids
Definition
A family of closely related plant organelles
Term
Thylakoids
Definition
flattened, interconnected sacs inside a chloroplast
Term
Granum
Definition
each stake of thylakoids
Term
Stroma
Definition
the fluid outside the thylakoids, which contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Term
Motor proteins
Definition
Proteins that that allows several parts of the cell to move about the cell. These proteins attach to receptors on vesicles, and attach to a microtubule. Powered by ATP, they can move along the microtubule.
Term
Microtubules
Definition
Hollow rods measuring about 25 nm in diameter and from 200 nm to 25 micrometers in length
Term
Centrosome
Definition
a region located near the nucleus
Term
Centrioles
Definition
2 of them are in the centrosome
Term
Flagella
Definition
microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells
Term
Cilia
Definition
can work to move entire cell
Term
Basal body
Definition
a structure similar to that of a centriole
Term
Dyneins
Definition
large motor proteins that connect the double microtubules to each other || = || in a flagellum or cilium
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
solid rods about 7 nm in diameter
Term
Actin
Definition
a globular protein
Term
Cortex
Definition
the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell
Term
Cytoplasmic streaming
Definition
contractions between actin and myosin leads to muscle contraction, which contributes to this
Term
Intermediate filaments
Definition
diameter: 8-12 nm
Term
Cell wall
Definition
extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells
Term
Primary cell wall
Definition
The first secretion of the cell wall
Term
Middle lamena
Definition
between the primary walls of adjacent cells
Term
tight junctions
Definition
tightly pressed against one another bound by specific proteins, making seals
Term
Secondary cell wall
Definition
Is between the plasma membrane and the primary wall
Term
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Definition
Outside of animal cell
Term
Collagen
Definition
the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM
Term
Proteoglycan
Definition
molecule of core protein covalently attached to many carbohydrate chains
Term
Fibronectin
Definition
an ECM glycoprotein that attaches some cells to the ECM
Term
Integrins
Definition
cell surface receptor proteins that bind to fibronectin
Term
Plasmodesmata
Definition
Channels that perforate the cell walls of plant cells
Term
Tight junctions
Definition
When the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against one another by specific proteins
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Act like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets by intermediate filaments
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell
Term
Selective permeability
Definition
Exhibited by the plasma membrane
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
Term
Fluid mosaic model
Definition
Model for the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in the membranes of cells in which the membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids
Term
Integral proteins
Definition
one major population of membrane proteins
Term
Peripheral proteins
Definition
One of the major populations of membrane proteins
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
Membrane carbohydrates of fewer than 15 sugar units, covalently bonded to lipids
Term
Glycoproteins
Definition
Membrane carbohydrates of fewer than 15 sugars units, covalently bonded to proteins
Term
Transport proteins
Definition
Proteins in the plasma membrane that small, polar molecules pass through to enter or exit the cell
Term
Aquaporins
Definition
Channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across the plasma membrane
Term
Diffusion
Definition
A result of thermal motion
Term
Concentration gradient
Definition
The way a substance will diffuse down to
Term
Passive transport
Definition
The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane
Term
Osmosis
Definition
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Term
Tonicity
Definition
the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Quality of an environment in which no net movement of water across the plasma membrane will occur, if a cell is without a wall
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
A cell which has a higher concentration of water in its interior than its exterior
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
A cell which has a higher concentration of water in its exterior than its interior
Term
Osmoregulation
Definition
The control of water balance
Term
Turgid
Definition
Condition of a plant cell that is hypotonic, but whose cell wall sends a back pressure to the outward pressure due to the swelling due to the input of water
Term
Flaccid
Definition
Limp
Term
Plasmolysis
Definition
The event in which a hypertonic plant cell loses water to its surroundings, and shrinks, and the plasma membrane shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
The phenomenon in which many polar molecules and ions diffuse across the plasma membrane via the help of transport proteins
Term
Ion channels
Definition
A type of transport protein
Term
Gated channels
Definition
A type of ion channel
Term
Active transport
Definition
The type of membrane traffic that requires energy on the behalf of the cell
Term
Sodium-potassium pump
Definition
Exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane of animal cells
Term
Membrane potential
Definition
The voltage (electrical potential energy: a separation of opposite charges) across a membrane
Term
Electrochemical gradient
Definition
The combination a chemical force (tendency of chemical to cross plasma membrane down its concentration gradient) and an electrical force (effect of membrane potential on the ion's movement)
Term
Electrogenic pump
Definition
A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
Term
Proton pump
Definition
The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria
Term
Cotransport
Definition
A mechanism in which a single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane, which allows for the secretion of certain biological molecules
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
the formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane, so that the cell can take in biological molecules and particulate matter
Term
Helicase
Definition
An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands
Term
Primase
Definition
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer
Term
Single Strand Binding Protein
Definition
(SSB Protein) A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA
Term
DNA Polymerase 1
Definition
Clears away RNA primers (using 5' to 3' activity) and synthesizing new DNA in these gaps
Term
DNA Polymerase 3
Definition
Enzyme that builds new DNA strands. it could only be done in one way (5' to 3')
Term
Ligase
Definition
An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment; also called DNA ligase
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Physiological feature, bodily characteristic, behavior, or outward appearance of an organism
Term
Genotype
Definition
The genetic makeup of an organism
Term
Recessive
Definition
Trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene
Term
Dominant
Definition
Observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Having two identical alleles for a trait (YY, yy)
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Having two different alleles for a trait (Yy)
Term
Gene
Definition
A portion of DNA that has information that is used to make more of a protein
Term
Allele
Definition
Alternate forms of a gene
Term
Trait
Definition
A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
Term
tRNA
Definition
Transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
Term
mRNA
Definition
Messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Term
Ribosomal RNA
Definition
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the joining of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.
Term
Start Codons
Definition
AUG, signals the start of translation
Term
Stop Codons
Definition
UAA, UAG, and UGA, that indicate the point at which mRNA translation is done
Term
Initiation (Transcription)
Definition
In initiation, an enzyme (RNA Polymerase) unwinds the double helix of DNA and the nucleotides of DNA pair with the nucleotides of RNA
Term
Elongation (Transcription)
Definition
Elongation occurs when the RNA polymerase continues to move along the DNA and the mRNA lengthens.
Term
Termination (Transcription)
Definition
Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase runs out of DNA to copy. The mRNA is released from the enzyme and the RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA.
Term
Translation
Definition
Translation is the process by which information is encoded in the messenger RNA and is used to assemble a protein at the ribosome.
Term
Transcription
Definition
Transcription is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA.
Term
Inititiation (Translation)
Definition
A small subunit attaches to an mRNA molecule (from transcription). A tRNA molecule binds to a specific codon sequence (ACUG) on the mRNA. The large subunit then joins the complex. tRNA is now in a binding site called the P site.
Term
Elongation (Translation)
Definition
When a new tRNA fits into a codon on the mRNA, it attaches to the A site. Peptide bonds form, connecting the two amino acids and disconnecting the tRNA and the amino acid. The tRNA in the P site moves onto the E site, and the tRNA in the A site is moved to the P site.
Term
Termination (Translation)
Definition
The ribosome then comes to a codon that signals that the protein is finished. The protein (polypeptide chain) is released from the tRNA molecule and the ribosome splits back into the large and small subunits.
Term
Anticodons
Definition
Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
Term
Codon
Definition
a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
Term
Monohybrid cross
Definition
breeding for difference in one trait
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
a condition in which a trait of an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the alleles aren't dominant or recessive to one another
Term
Complete dominance
Definition
a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another
Term
co-dominance
Definition
A phenotypic situation in which the two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
Term
multiple alleles
Definition
three or more alleles that exist for a single gene; ex. the possible blood types are A, B, AB, and O
Term
positive blood type
Definition
dominant over negative, (has a rh integral protein that lies on the surface of the red blood cell)
Term
O blood type
Definition
doesn't create A or B antigens (inactive)
Term
polygenic inheritance
Definition
Occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together and produces a specific trait, such as human eye color, skin color, or height
Term
loci
Definition
specific locations of genes along the chromosome (have to look at multiple chromosomes to determine eye color, skin color, hair color, ect.)
Term
enzyme
Definition
any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
Term
lipid
Definition
macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
Term
ganglioside
Definition
molecule composed of carbohydrates and fats
Term
anemia
Definition
a deficiency of red blood cells
Term
retina
Definition
the light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball
Term
chromosome
Definition
a deficiency of red blood cells
Term
pedigree
Definition
a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
Term
Huntington's (why)
Definition
mutation of HTT gene, which is in charge of making a protein called Huntington (interaction with nerve cells in the brain).
Term
Huntington's (what)
Definition
autosomal dominant, meaning not on the 23rd chromosome and needing only one copy of the gene needs to be passed down to contract the disease
Term
Huntington's (symptoms)
Definition
clumsiness, jaw clenching, slurred speech, uncontrolled muscle movements, and delusions.
Term
Huntington's (treatment)
Definition
medication for movement problems and depression, no cure
Term
autosomal
Definition
all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked, any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Term
Huntington's (life expectancy)
Definition
about 15 years after diagnosis, most die from complications of the disease, not the actual disease
Term
Tay-Sach's (why)
Definition
missing enzyme HEXA (CHROMOSOME 15) breaks down ganglioside (formation of nerve cells), when ganglioside can't be broken down it builds on nerve cells (can head to paralysis)
Term
Tay-Sach's (what)
Definition
recessive autosomal, not on the 23rd chromosome and both parents need to be carriers
Term
Tay-Sach's (symptoms)
Definition
red dot in retina, deterioration of motor skills, speech and swallowing difficulties, becoming blind or deaf
Term
Tay-Sach's (treatment)
Definition
no cure, only supportive care
Term
Tay-Sach's (life expectancy)
Definition
about 4 years
Term
Cystic Fibrosis (why)
Definition
caused by a defective gene, causes body to produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus, builds up in the lungs
Term
Cystic Fibrosis (what)
Definition
recessive autosomal, not on the 23rd chromosome and both parents must be carriers
Term
Cystic Fibrosis (symptoms)
Definition
fever, increased coughing, increased shortness in breath, loss of appetite, more sputum (mucus that is coughed up from lower airways)
Term
Cystic Fibrosis (treatment)
Definition
no cure, antibiotics, inhaled meds, salt solution, flu and PPV vaccine, lung transplants, oxygen therapy
Term
Cystic Fibrosis (life expectancy)
Definition
diagnosed as newborns, 1st birthday, diagnosed older, up to 37
Term
Sickle cell anemia (why)
Definition
abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S, which changes the shape of blood cells, into sickles. This prevents blood from clotting as easily, and also prevents against malaria (bacteria can't lay eggs in sickle shaped blood cells)
Term
Sickle cell anemia (what)
Definition
recessive autosomal, inherit from both parents
Term
Sickle cell anemia (symptoms)
Definition
pain, hand foot syndrome, frequent infection, delayed growth, vision problems
Term
Sickle cell anemia (treatment)
Definition
no widespread cure, blood transplants, bone marrow transplants
Term
Sickle cell anemia (life expectancy)
Definition
42-48 years
Term
Sex-Linkage
Definition
a phenotype of an allele related to the se chromosome of an individual (23rd chromosome)
Term
Sex linkages causes
Definition
gender and a faulty 23rd chromosome
Term
color blindness (what and where)
Definition
A decreased or complete inability to percieve different colors, on the X chromosome. Boys can get it if their mother or father is a carrier because they only have 1 X chromosme
Term
Hemophilia (what and where)
Definition
A condition where the body has an inablilty to clot blood (lack of fibrin protein), on the X chromosomes, 3 types
Term
Hemophilia A
Definition
hemophilia caused by a congenital deficiency of factor 8
Term
Hemophilia B
Definition
a clotting disorder similar to hemophilia A but caused by a congenital deficiency of factor 9
Term
Hemophilia C
Definition
Most mild type, deficiency of factor 11
Term
Hemophilia (life expectancy and gender)
Definition
50-60 years, A and B only in males, C in both males and females
Term
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (what and where)
Definition
A degenerative disease where muscles become weak to the point of immobility, on the X chromosome
Term
why do people get dmd?
Definition
protein distrophin cannot be made due to mutation of the dystrophin gene
Term
DMD symptoms
Definition
enlarged calf muscles and frequent falls, symptoms usually shown around age 5
Term
DMD life expectancy
Definition
Symptoms present at 5, need braces to walk by 10, and by age 12 boy is usualy ina wheelchair. about 30 years (due to cessation of heart and lung muscles)
Term
Who gets sex-linked diseases?
Definition
mainly boys, because the diseases are carried on the X chromosome.Girls have two X chromosomes, so if one is faulty, she will have another one to create proteins from, making her a carrier. Boys do not have the extra X, (they have XY), so any mutation in the X chromosome will be used to make proteins
Term
Carrier
Definition
individual who has one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and does not exhibit symptoms, a person with a disease that they can pass on to other organisms
Term
phenotypic ratio
Definition
a ratio of what you can see to what you cannot see (brown eyes to blue eyes, 3:1)
Term
genotypic ratio
Definition
the ratio of the genotypes that appear in the offspring
Term
Sex-linked vs. Autosomal
Definition
Autosomal traits are inherited via genes that do NOT determine an individual's sex. Sex-linked traits, however, are inherited via genes that DO determine an individual's sex (X and Y chromosomes).
Term
Karyotype
Definition
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs, display of a person's 46 chromosomes
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
a mishap when the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I (anaphase I) (no chance of survival) or sister chromatids fail to separate in Meiosis II (anaphase II) (50% chance of survival)
Term
Aneuploid
Definition
having an abnormal number of chromosomes
Term
Tiresome
Definition
a cell that has 3 copies of a chromosome instead of the normal 2
Term
monosomic
Definition
a cell that has 1 copy of a chromosome instead of the normal 2
Term
polyploidy
Definition
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes, it is the result of an accident during cell division
Term
deletion
Definition
when a chromosome lacking a centromere is lost
Term
duplication
Definition
Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis
Term
homologous
Definition
the maternal and paternal chromosomes, term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
Term
inversion
Definition
a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. occurs when a chromosome has breakage and rearrangement within itself.
Term
translocation
Definition
a mutation that occurs when a piece of DNA is removed from one chromosome and attached to another chromosome
Term
insertion
Definition
A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
Term
Down syndrome (what)
Definition
genetic disorder when a person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46
Term
Down syndrome (where)
Definition
extra copy of the 21st chromosome
Term
Down syndrome (symptoms)
Definition
small/abnormally shaped head, excess skin on the back of the neck, flattened nose, single crease in the palm of the hand, small ears, small mouth, upward slanting eyes, and white spots on the iris
Term
Blending theory
Definition
widespread theory from 19th century that offspring had 50% mom's characteristics 50% dad's.
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition
Austrian Monk that experimented on pea plants which leaded to his Particulate Theory.
Term
Particulate Theory
Definition
Traits or characteristics of an organism are passed on independently of each other in particular units
Term
Dominant
Definition
AA Aa
Term
Recessive
Definition
gene only expressed when in presense of another recessive (aa)
Term
Homozygous
Definition
exact copy of allele
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
one of each allele
Term
phenotype
Definition
outward appearance of organism
Term
genotype
Definition
organisms genetic makeup
Term
test cross
Definition
breeding an organism of unknown genotype against a homozygous recessive organism. Method of discovering genotype by breeding back.
Term
sex-linked
Definition
y chromosome carries no genetic info
Term
nondisjunction
Definition
occurs during mitosis/ chromosomes fail to separate causing most genetic diseases.
Term
albanism
Definition
lose of ability to produce melanin(pigment in your skin). Symptoms- red eyes,pale skin, easily sunburned,etc
Term
cystic fibrosis
Definition
starts to secrete mucus in excess usually in the lungs/digestive system slowly killing the diseased.
Term
ellis-van crevald syndrome
Definition
Usually caused by inbreeding.
Term
(Rec)
Definition
Results in extra fingers/toes, extremely short limbs.
Term
Phenylketonuria(PKU)
Definition
lacking the enzymes that convert phenylaniline to tyrosine. Grows on brain, untreated can cause mental retardation.
Term
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Definition
red blood cells mutate from round to quarter moon shape, can't hold oxygen.
Term
tay-sachs
Definition
progressive deterioration of nervous system.
Term
(Rec)
Definition
Common in Jews, death proceeds after about a year.
Term
Achondroplasia
Definition
type of dwarfism. Aa only.
Term
(dom)
Definition
In cases of AA genotype female body aborts on its own.
Term
Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ACS)
Definition
Muscles start to slowly loose their functions.
Term
Huntington Disease
Definition
degeneration of nurvous system. Decays mylenin sheath(covering neurons). Leads to permant cramps that starrt at forearms/deltoids. Asymptomatic till after age of 40. Diseased ends up in a ball.
Term
Polydactyly
Definition
additional sixth finger/toe, usually removed early on, mostly caused by inbreeding.
Term
progaria
Definition
aging rapidly, every year equivalent to 10.
Term
(dom)
Definition
Fatal at around age 20.
Term
Color-blindness
Definition
seeing black/white
Term
Muscular dystrophy
Definition
muscle consumed by own body.
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
failure of blood to clot.
Term
(sex-linked)
Definition
(1 in 7,000 people)
Term
Faulty Enamel
Definition
teeth push in with no enamel.
Term
Down's Syndrome
Definition
Trisomy 21, extra copy of 21th chromosome.
Term
(chromosome#)
Definition
Resulting in 47 chromosomes, sterile, heart problems, mental retardation.
Term
Kline felters
Definition
male, genotype XXY XXXY XXXXY etc
Term
(chromosome#)
Definition
sterile, mentally retardation, female hips.
Term
Turners Syndrome
Definition
sterile, strange sized ovaries, no breasts.
Term
Triple X
Definition
learning disabilities, delayed motor skills.
Term
peigrees
Definition
chart of a persons genetic history for a trait.
Term
male
Definition
square
Term
female
Definition
circle
Term
Hardy-Weinberg equation
Definition
p_ + 2pq + q_ = 1
Term
p_
Definition
homozygous dominant
Term
q_
Definition
recessive
Term
pq
Definition
heterozygous
Term
p
Definition
dominant allele
Term
q
Definition
recessive allele
Term
p+q=
Definition
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