Term
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Definition
| ingest bacteria, patrol byways of the body as precursors *they eat up the bacteria* |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of macrophage that patrols the byways |
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Definition
| Release chemicals killihng bacteria and themselves in the process. The dead carcuses of these become puss |
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Definition
| Attack virus infected body cells (rather than the virus itself) and cancer cells by puncturing the membranes |
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Definition
| a molecule used by the natural killercells that is released as inserted into the membrane of an infected cell. It then allows water to rush into the cell and the infected cell swells and bursts. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Self protiens" have MHC connected on their surface, "Foriegn protiens" have antigens on the surface. T Cells can bind to the antigen. |
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Term
| What happens when an antigen is present in the body? |
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Definition
| The macrophages recognize that the virus is not them. Macrophages are released and they begin to fight and tell the brain to create a fever. They tell the helper T-cells about this and this alerts the B-cells antibody response. The cytotoxic T cells will fight the foriegn bodies. Some of these T and B cells will become memory T and B-cells. The antiboides made by the B-cells will bind to the virus and will tag the viruses and the ones destroyed by macrophages. |
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Definition
| The first line of defense is the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are the cellular counterattack, performed by nuetrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer of skin, is 10-30 cells thick |
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Definition
| outermost layer of the epidermis in which the cells are conituously being replaced by other from below |
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Definition
| the second layer of skin that is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. it is the structural support for the epidermis (this is the layer that wrinkles) |
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Definition
| fat rich cells that act as shock absorbers and isulators (the bottom most layer |
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Term
| What happens during an allergic reaction? |
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Definition
| When there is an infected or injured cell they release chemicals called histamines and prostaglandins. The chemical histamine is released by Mast cells to defend against harmless substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are white blood cells that initiate an inflammatory response that release histamine during an allergic reaction |
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Term
| How does HIV work and what cells are attacked? |
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Definition
HIV attacks and cripples the immune system by inactivating cells that have CD4 receptors.
found in macrophagesv and helper T-cells
therefore there is no immune response to common infections, making common infections potentially deadly |
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Term
| Why is a vaccine for HIV so difficult to discover? |
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Definition
| because the T-cells can only recgonize protiens that are an exact copy of the vaccine. HIV mutates often because it is very bad at copying its DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| this is what happens the first time a person is exposed to a foriegn antigen. only a few B or T cells can recognize the antigen. when they bind it creates a clone (clonal selection) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the second time a person is exposed to a foriegn antigen. The immune response is stronger and quicker because there is a large number of lymphocytes clone that can recgonize the antigen |
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Term
| Where do T cell and B cells mature? |
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Definition
T cells: origniate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
B cells: orginate and mature in the bone marrow and circulate throughout the blood and lymph system |
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Term
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Definition
there are three major types of neurons,
there is a cell body that is a flat structure that holds the nucleous. There are short slender branches called dendrites. The axon which is a long, tubelike extension. |
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Term
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Definition
| the branches that extend from one end of a neurons cell body. They are input channels. nerve pulses travel inward toward them with information. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are tubelike extensions that carry information outward, away from the cell body and to other nuerons |
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Term
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Definition
| a fatty roll of electrical insulation. These are composed of neuroglial cells called schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is where the myelin sheath is interrupted. At these regions the axon is in direct contact with the fluids. nerve impulse jumps from node to node. |
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Term
| Association neurons (interneurons) |
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Definition
| these are located in the brain and spinal cord (CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| carry impules away from the CNS (PNS peripheral Nervous System) |
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Term
| sensory (afferent) neurons |
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Definition
| call impules to the CNS (PNS) |
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Term
| What is the path of a nerve impulse to and from the CNS |
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Definition
| CNS---> Motor Nervous system ---> muscles, organs, glands, and sensory receptors ---> sensory nervous system ----> CNS |
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Term
| What inititates a nerve impulse? |
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Definition
| while a neuron is at rest there is a relatively negative charge inside and a positive charge outside. the sodium potassium pumps are closed until they are stimulied to open the NA channel. The NA makes the cell more positive and this influences the next NA channel to open. As this action potential moves down the axon the NA channels re-close and K channels open allowing K in and bringing the cell back to negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the junction (and gap) of n axon with another cell. They are both excitatory and inhibitory. |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor protien is a chemically gated sodium channels. NA floods in and makes the cell more positive and action potential begins. |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor protien is a chemically-gated potassium or chloride channel. K floods out OR CI floods in making the cell more negative |
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Term
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Definition
| these are chemical messengers that carry the message across the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is when the two different types of synapses will cancel or reinforce one another. occurs at the axon hillock |
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Term
| drug addiction at the cellular level |
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Definition
| the drug molecules block the transporters and prevents recycling of the neurotransmitters. This causes there to be an abnormally large amount of nerotransmitters in the synapse. To adjust to this large number, the body takes away some of the receptors. When there are no more drugs, there are not enough receptors to accept a normal firing rate. |
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Term
| what is prozac and why does it work? |
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Definition
| prozac is a drug to help treat depression. depression can be caused by a shortage of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Prozac keeps the serotonin from being reabsorbed, therefore keeping it in the synapse longer. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is about 85% of the brain. fuctions in language, thought,personality and other "thinking and feeling" activities. most occurs in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. cortex refers to bark, because the cerebral cortex is a thin gray outer layer. the left side of the cerebrum is language, speech and math while the right side is intuitive, music, and artistic abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the bundle of neurons that connect the left and right hemisphers of the brain. they serve as information highways that tell one half of the brain what the other half is doing |
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Term
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Definition
| major site of sensory processing in the brain, controls balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with internal activity (blood pressure, tempurature) controls the pitutary gland. Linked to the cerebral cortex via the limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
| this is composed of part of the hypothalamus, the hippocampus (the memory center), the amygdala (pain, sex, hunger, thirst) and the thymus |
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Term
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Definition
| this is in the back and base of the brain. coordinates muscle movement. best developed in birds |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Connects rest of brain to the spinal chord. simple life fuctions like breathing swallowing, blood vessel dialation, digestion |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system: Voluntary VS Involuntary |
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Definition
| voluntary is something you can think about, they are also reflexes. the sympathetic involuntary nervous system speeds the body up for "fight or flight", increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing. the parasympethic slows everything down and conserves energy |
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Term
| why are chemical messengers so effective? |
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Definition
| they can spread to all tissue via the blood, can persist much longer than electrical signals, and many can act as hormones which can target different tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| these are a lipid derived from cholesterol. (testosterone, estrogen, progestrogen) these easily pass through the plasma membrane of the cell. once inside it binds to a specific receptor in the actual DNA. this activates the transcription of genes. protein synthesis occurs and creates other hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| the hormone bind to the membrane at a receptor. this produces a second message. the second messenger leads to altered cell fuctions |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a bland located in a bony recess in the brain below the hypothalamus. it produces 9 major hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates water coservation by the kidney (posterior pituatary) |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates uterine contractions during childbirth, causes milk letdown (posterior pituatary) |
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Term
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Definition
| a portion of the pituatary that releases two short peptide hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin. both synthesize within the hypothalamus and are transported down ner axons to this posterior lobe |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| regulates the thyroid (anterior pituatary) |
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Term
| adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates the adrenal gland to produce a variety of different steroid hormones (anterior pituatary) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates growth in the bones and muscles (anterior pituatary) |
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Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| stimulates egg matuaration and sperm production (anterior pituatary) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates breast to produce milk and is released in response to oxytocin(anterior pituatory) |
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Term
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates color change in amphibians and reptiles (anterior pituatary) |
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Term
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Definition
| lies just below the adam's apple in the front of the throat. has two important glands (thyroxine and calcitonin) and contains parathyroids |
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Term
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Definition
increases metabolic rate and promotes growth
contains iodine (lack of this causes goiters)
(thyroid gland) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates calcium deposition in the bone. (thyroid) |
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Term
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Definition
| these are four small glands attached to the thyroid. the produce parathyroid hormones and this is one out of two that are essential for survival. Acts to insure calcium levels never fall too low by forcing osteoclasts to break down bone when calcium is too low. it also acts on kidneys to reabsorb calcium in the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| these glands are located above each kidney. they have two parts the medulla (adrenaline) and the cortex (cortisol) |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the cortex of the adrenal glands, this stimulates the kidney to uptake sodium and other ions from the urine (essential for survival) |
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Term
| simultaneous hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| the individul has both testes and overies |
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Term
| sequential hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| the individual starts out as one sex, and then changes into a different sex |
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Term
| where is human sperm produced and stored |
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Definition
| the sperm is produced in the seminferous tubes and is stored and matured in the epididymis |
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Term
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Definition
| with the release of FSH resumes meiosis 1 in some oocytes. When this egg matures it is ovulated into the fallopian tubes. ( the follicular stage) and the luteal phase where the body prepares for pregancy. Menstration happens when the lining of the uterus sheds when no conception occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| day 1: a zygote is formed by fusing together egg and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-10 days: the cells rapidly divide but it does not grow. |
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Term
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Definition
| 11-15 all three primary layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and the mesoderm) are present at this time |
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Term
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Definition
| 6-25 days. neural crest is produced and nueral tube is formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| 26+ the three layers combine in varioous ways to produce organs |
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Term
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Definition
| simplest and most reliable way (do not have sex) |
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Term
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Definition
| 20-30% avoid sex when fertile |
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Term
| the pill.injections.patches |
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Definition
| shuts down FSH and LH, tricks the body into believing its pregnant. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2% implant into the uterus to prevent it from being able to allow implantation to occur |
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