Term
| Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae |
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Definition
| Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs |
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Term
| Characteristics of Kingdom Protista |
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Definition
| Unicellular (some multicellular), ALL eukaryotic, heterotrophic + autotrophic |
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Term
| Characteristics of Kingdom Monera |
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Definition
| Unicellular, prokaryotic, heterotrophic + autotrophic |
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Term
| Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia |
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Definition
| Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic |
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Term
| Difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope |
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Definition
Light microscope → uses light
Electron microscope → uses an electron beam, no colour, higher resolution |
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Term
| Characteristics of living things |
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Definition
| Have cells, reproduce, grow, evolve, respond, have DNA, use energy, give off waste |
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Term
| General characteristics of plants |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic (true nucleus), Photosynthetic autotrophs (i.e synthesize their own food via photosynthesis), have two life cycles (Haploid Gametophyte + Diploid Sporophyte),indeterminate growth (i.e they don't stop) growing their whole lives,cells have cell walls composed mainly of cellulose, cells contain chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertilization (syngamy) is the fusion of two haploid gametes (the sperm and the egg) to form a diploid (2n) zygote. This is how the chromosome number in a life cycle changes from haploid (n) to diploid (2n). |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitosis is the division of a haploid (n) or diploid (2n) cell into two duplicate daughter cells. In a strict definition, mitosis (karyokinesis) refers to the division of a nucleus into two duplicate nuclei, each with identical sets of chromosomes. Cytoplasmic division or cytokinesis involves a cleavage furrow in animal cells and a cell plate in plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis is a special kind of cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced in half. This is how the chromosome number in a life cycle changes from diploid (2n) to haploid (n). |
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Term
| Explain the Moss Life Cycle |
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Definition
| Mosses belong to the Division Bryophyta characterized by nonvascular plants with embryos that develop within multicellular female sex organs called archegonia. The dominant (conspicuous) part of the life cycle is the haploid, leafy gametophyte. The diploid sporophyte consists of a sporangium-bearing stalk that grows directly out of the gametophyte. Spore mother cells within the sporangium undergo meiosis, producing numerous haploid spores that fall to the ground like tiny particles of dust. Since the sporophyte is without chlorophyll, it is completely dependent on the autotrophic (photosynthetic) gametophyte for its water, minerals and carbohydrate nutrition. Consequently, the sporophyte of the moss is heterotrophic and parasitic on the gametophyte. Most moss gametophytes are dioecious, with separate male and female individuals in the population. The gametophytes are produced by "male" and "female" spores. Mosses have a primitive method of fertilization that involves a motile, biflagellate sperm that swims through water to reach the egg on female plants. |
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Term
| Explain the Fern Life Cycle |
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Definition
Ferns belong to the Division Pterophyta characterized by vascular plants with leaves (fronds) arising from subterranean, creeping rhizomes. In tree ferns, the leaves are produced on a definite woody trunk. The dominant (conspicuous) part of the life cycle is the diploid, leaf-bearing sporophyte. On the underside of the leaves are rows of brown sori. Each sorus is composed of a cluster of sporangia, and is often covered by a thin outer layer called the indusium. Some ferns such as Polypodium and Cyrtomium do not have the indusium. Ferns are classified by the arrangement of the sori and shape of the indusium. The sori and indusium superficially resemble an infestation of scale insects, and some people actually spray their ferns! Spore mother cells within the sporangium undergo meiosis, producing numerous haploid spores. The sporangia split open at maturity, releasing millions of spores that fall to the ground like tiny particles of dust. The splitting open of a sporangium is caused by a thick-walled, outer belt of cells called the annulus. As the cells of the annulus dry out, the annulus contracts and rips open the sporangial wall, thus dispersing the spores.
Each spore germinates and grows into a heart-shaped gametohyte (prothallus) which is smaller than your little finger nail. This haploid gametophyte bears male and female sex organs (antheridia and archegonia). With respect to populations of gametophytes, ferns are typically monoecious with both male and female sex organs on the same gametophytes. Unlike the unisexual gametophytes of a moss, a fern gametophyte is bisexual. Like mosses, ferns have a primitive method of fertilization that involves a multiciliate sperm that swims through water to reach the egg. The gametophytes and sporophytes of ferns are photosynthetic and autotrophic. |
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Term
| Explain the Angiosperm Life Cycle |
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Definition
| Flowering plants (angiosperms) belong to the vascular plant division Anthophyta. Like ferns, the diploid sporophyte consists of a herbaceous or woody plant with roots, stems and leaves. Unlike ferns, flowering plants produce reproductive organs called flowers and seed-bearing fruits. The term angiosperm is derived from angio (vessel) and sperm (seed), referring to the seed-bearing vessels (containers) called fruits. Flowers may be unisexual or bisexual, depending on whether they contain only one type of sex organ (the male stamen or female pistil), or whether they contain both stamens and pistil in the same flower. |
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Term
| Explain the Gymnosperm Life Cycle |
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Definition
Male cones give rise to microspores, which produce pollen grains, while female cones give rise to megaspores, which produce ovules.
The pollen tube develops from the pollen grain to initiate fertilization; the pollen grain divides into two sperm cells by mitosis; one of the sperm cells unites with the egg cell during fertilization.
Once the ovule is fertilized, a diploid sporophyte is produced, which gives rise to the embryo enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the parent plant.
Fetilization and seed development can take years; the seed that is formed is made up of three tissues: the seed coat, the gametophyte, and the embryo. |
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Term
| What is the theory of evolution? |
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Definition
| The idea that living things in our world have come into being through unguided naturalistic processes starting from a primeval mass of subatomic particles and radiation, over approximately 20 billion years. |
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Term
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Definition
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics - If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need.
Transmission of acquired characteristics, use and disuse, increase in complexity, no extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
PVCRE
Population, Variation, Competition, Reproduction, Evolution
Variation, inheritance, differential survival, extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Biochemistry
b. Comparative anatomy
c. Biogeography
d. Comparative embryology
e. Molecular biology
f. Paleontology
g. Modern examples
h. Radioisotope dating |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. |
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Term
| Examples of Modern Day Evoltuion |
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Definition
Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
Light Colored Moths Give Way to Dark Colored Moths
Cane Toads in Australia
Darwin’s Finches |
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Term
| What is adaptive radiation? |
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Definition
| Diversification of a group of plants or animals caused by environmental change such as flooding of vast areas around the continents, creating seas depth lacking, is called adaptive radiation, usually being followed by the evolution of a large number of new forms of life, perfectly adapted to the new living environment that surrounds them. |
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Term
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Definition
(a) faulty DNA
(b) crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis
(c)mutations
(d)separation of chromosomes during gametogenesis and chance of coming together of different chromosomes during fusion of gametes. |
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Term
| How does a new species evolve? |
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Definition
| Separate groups of organisms belonging to the same species may adapt in different ways to better exploit diverse environments or resources. They also may evolve varied characteristics for attracting mates. That is, different groups evolve in different directions. Over time, these groups or populations may become so different that they can no longer breed together--separate species are formed. |
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Term
| Three Ways In Which Natural Selection Can Affect a Population |
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Definition
| Directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection. |
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Term
| Levels of Classification for Living Organisms |
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Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Term
| Characteristics of Living Things |
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Definition
1. Cell (basic unit)
2. Reproduce
3. All based on universal genetic code DNA
4. grow and develop
5. obtain and use materials and energy (metabolism)
6. Respond to a stimulus (environment)
7. Maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
8. Evolve: that's how they change over time... only AS A GROUP, an individual cannot evolve. Should only change in the entire species |
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Term
| Characteristics that suggest viruses are living |
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Definition
| They reproduce (although they need a host cell), possess RNA/DNA, "move" |
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Term
| Ways in which the body fights of a viral infection |
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Definition
Unlike bacteria, which multiply comfortably on their own given the right environment, viruses need to insert themselves into a host's cells in order to persevere. Once a virus has taken a human cell hostage, it continues to conquer cell after cell.
For the most part, a healthy immune system can derail these viral interlopers so they don't do too much damage. The virus is detected, a customized antibody is made and an all out attack is mounted by killer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Activates the body's natural defenses.
A vaccine is a weakened form the disease it protects against. Your body fights off the weakened vaccine, creating a resistance to the disease in the future, because your body still has the antibodies needed to fight it from fighting the vaccine. |
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Term
| What are the major groups of bacteria? |
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Definition
Eubacteria and archaebacteria
Eubacteria - Eubacteria, known as "true bacteria," are prokaryotic (lacking nucleus) cells that are very common in human daily life, encounter many more times than the archaebacteria. Eubacteria can be found almost everywhere and kill thousands upon thousands of people each year, but also serve as antibiotics producers and food digesters in our stomachs. We use Eubacteria to produce drugs, wine, and cheese.
Archaebacteria - Unicellular microorganisms in the domain Archaea, which is genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, and often inhabiting extreme environmental conditions. Examples of archaebacteria include halophiles (microorganisms that may inhabit extremely salty environments), methanogens (microorganisms that produce methane), and thermophiles (microorganisms that can thrive extremely hot environments). |
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Term
| Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi |
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Definition
Multicellular + unicellular, eukaryotic, get nutrients and energy by absorbing/digesting the surface they live on
Most reproduce by spores.
Examples are yeast, mushrooms, bread molds, and lichens |
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Term
| What are Fungi composed of? |
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Definition
| Fungi have cell walls (like plants) but the cell walls are composed of chitin. Multicellular fungi are composed of filaments called hyphae. Hyphae may contain internal crosswalls, called septa, that divide the hyphae into separate cells. The hyphae may be branched. A mass of hyphae that is not a reproductive structure is called a mycelium. |
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Term
| Different roles Fungi play in the environment |
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Definition
| Fungi have an important role in the ecosystem where they break down and decompose dead plants and animals(SAPROPHYTES). Some types of fungi attack living organisms and can be very destructive causing millions of dollars in losses to the forestry industry. Other fungi attack living trees and even other fungi (PARASITIC). Still others form a mutually beneficial association with trees and shrubs(MYCORRHIZA). |
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Term
| Three methods that bacteria reproduce |
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Definition
(i) Conjugation:
According to Lederberg and Tatum (1946) in two different strains of some bacterial species, recombination of genetic material takes place. They furnished a clear experimental evidence of genetic recombination mechanism. In the beginning, a conjugation bridge or tube develops between two mating type bacterial cells. Through the chromatin, genetic material of the one cell enters into the other cell. This type of reproduction has been studied in Escherichia coli. The two cells taking part in this bacterium are haploid.
One of them is donor cell and the other is called a recipient cell. The donor cell has a special kind of pili known as sex-pili, which help to attach it to the cell wall of the recipient cell. After this, a conjugation tube develops between the two conjugants at the point of contact. Through this tube, the genetic material (DNA strand) of donor cell enters into the recipient cell.
(ii) Transformation:
The transformation study was carried out for the time with Pneumococcus bacteria, which cause pneumonia. This bacterium is oval in shape and is surrounded by a capsule. Occasionally, this bacterium pneumococcus does not secrete capsule around it. This inability is passed into all its progeny. Griffith (1928) and Avery, McLeoid and McCarty (1944) proved by their experiments, that if capsulated bacteria are injected into the body of a mouse, it develops pneumonia, but when non-capsulated bacteria are injected into the body of mouse then they could not cause pneumonia. These scientists then observed that if cell-free extract of capsulated bacteria in which DNA is also present is mixed with the culture of non-capsulated, non-pathogenic bacteria, capsulated bacteria are produced in the culture after some time, and they also acquire the capacity to cause pneumonia. It could be concluded from the experiment that non-capsulated bacteria by absorbing DNA converted themselves into capsulated type of bacteria. This phenomenon of genetic transfer is called as transformation.
(iii) Transduction:
It differs from transformation in the mode of genetic transfer. In this method, the genetic transfer is carried out by the agency of a bacterial virus known as bacteriophage. Bacteriophage contains nucleoproteinaceous material, which remains in the protoplasm of bacteria. Occasionally, the DNA of bacteriophage combines with the DNA bacterial cell; this may result in appearance of new characters
in bacterial daughter cells. In this way, the transfer of genetic material through bacteriophage is termed as transduction. The transduction is described as the 'unilateral recombination in bacteria'. This was studied by Lederberg and Zinder in Salmonella bacteria. |
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Term
| Three groups of bacteria + differences |
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Definition
[1] Ascomycota - sac fungi (morels, truffles, Baker's yeast, the majority of lichens, ergot, and the powdery mildews, Penicillium species, Aspergillus
[2] Basidiomycota - mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, boletes, chanterelles, smuts, rusts, and Cryptococcus.
[3] Zygomycota - molds such as black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifera) |
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Term
| 4 different ways/roles in which bacteria obtain energy from the environment |
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Definition
Bacteria can be classified into 2 groups, based on the source of their energy. These 2 groups are the heterotrophs and the autotrophs.
The heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds. They must first take these up from their environment. Since these compounds were already made by other organisms, they contain the energy that the bacterium needs.
The autotrophs do not need to "eat" organic compounds; they can make them themselves. Autotrophic bacteria can fixate carbion dioxide to make their food source. This might be done in two ways, either by using light energy as the energy source, or by oxidizing nitrogen, sulfur or other elements. So instead of using the energy that is already present in organic compounds made by other organisms, they use chemicals or the sun as the energy source. Cyanobacteria are examples of bacteria that use light and carbion dioxide. Autotrophs will use the energy stored in the sun or in chemical bonds, to make their own carbon-containing compounds out of carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| Characteristics that support the fact that Viruses are non-living |
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Definition
| A virus is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. Because of this it doesn't fit the (controversial) definition of life. Whatever category we put it into doesn't change what it is. |
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Term
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Definition
Sarcodina (Sarcodines)
Mastigophora (Flagellates)
Ciliophora (Ciliates)
Sporozoa (Sporozoans) |
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Term
| What are some diseases caused by protists? |
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Definition
1. The species Entamoeba histolytica, can cause a serious disease in humans if it finds its way into the intestine.
2. Trypanosomes, which live in the blood of vertebrates causing sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease.
3. Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies in Africa, causing ulcers on the skin and internal organs; if untreated, it is fatal within two years.
4. Human malaria is caused by four species of Plasmodium.
5. The parasitic oomycote Phytophtora infestans caused the Irish potato famine in the 1800's where millions of people died and many emigrated to the United States.
6. "Red Tide" is caused by a bloom of red pigmented dinoflagellates that produce toxins that poison fish and humans. |
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Term
| What are the 4 groups of mollusks? |
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Definition
Gastropods: snails, slugs
Cephalopods: squid, octopi, cuttlefish
Bivalves: clam, mussels, oysters, scallops
Chitons: polyplacophora (8 plated mollusk) |
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Term
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Definition
| Clams push into the sand with their foot, expand the tip, and then pull their body toward their foot, burrowing effectively in loose sediment. |
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Term
| What kind of circulatory system does a clam have? |
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Definition
| Open circulatory system - blood works its way through body tissues in open spaces called sinuses |
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Term
| What kind of circulatory system do octopi and squids have?* |
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Definition
| Closed circulatory systems - blood always moves inside of blood vessels |
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Term
| What is the mantle in a bivalve? |
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Definition
| The mantle contains glands that manufacture shells. These mantle glands help to keep the shell's inside surfaces smooth and comfortable. |
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Term
| How do mollusks filter feed? |
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Definition
| They sift food from the water using feathery gills. As these animals pass water of the gills, phytoplankton become trapped to a layer of sticky mucus. Cilia on the gills move the food-mucus mixture to the mouth. |
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Term
| How do mollusks reproduce? |
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Definition
Bivalves: Eggs and sperm are released into the water and find each other by chance.
Tentacled mollusks: Fertilization takes place in the body of the female |
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Term
| What are the uses of mollusks? |
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Definition
| Filter feeding bivalves concentrate dangerous chemicals and pollutants in their tissues. Scientists are able to warn biologists and public health officials of health problems. |
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Term
| What are the 3 groups of annelids? |
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Definition
Ogligochaetes: earthworms, terrestrial worms
Polychaetes: marine worms
Hirudinea: leeches |
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Term
| What type of circulatory system does an annelid have? |
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Definition
| Closed circulatory system - blood always moves inside of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Receive oxygen through their skin and secrete carbon dioxide through their skin |
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Term
| What is an evolutionary advancement annelids have in comparison to mollusks? |
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Definition
| Annelids are segmented and have internal walls called septa |
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Term
| What kind of feeders are annelids? |
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Definition
| Some are carnivorous, most are detritus feeders and feed on dead, organic material |
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Term
| How do annelids reproduce? (ie earthworm) |
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Definition
| Worms touch clitella, clitella secretes a mucus, worms exchange sperm. The ring then slips off from the worm's body and forms a cocoon that shelters the eggs. |
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Term
| What are the types of excretion seen in annelids? |
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Definition
| Solid wastes pass out through the anus, cellular metabolic wastes are eliminated by nephridia (tube-shaped excretory organs) |
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Term
| How are annelids important to the world? |
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Definition
| Oglichaetes (particularly earthworms) condition the oil by burrowing through the ground. By doing this, they aerate the soil. Earthworms also speed the return of nitrogen and other important nutrients to the soil that can be used by plants. |
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Term
| What are the 4 groups of arthropods? |
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Definition
Crustacea: crabs, lobsters, crayfish
Instecta: insects
Arachnida: spiders
Myriapoda (chilopoda): centipedes
Myriapoda (diplopoda): millipedes |
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Term
| What kind of feeders are arthropods? |
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Definition
Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritus feeders.
Herbivores are specialized to eat specific parts of plants.
All are specialized to eat certain types of food. |
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Term
| How do arthropods reproduce? |
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Definition
Male and female make sperm and eggs, fertilization takes place in female.
In crayfish: They have swimmerets that act like a penis, sperm goes into female seminal receptacle. |
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Term
| How do arthropods excrete wastes? |
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Definition
Solid waste leaves through anus.
Terrestrial arthropods - have malpighian tubes bathed in blood inside body sinuses. Wastes leave via the anus. Some also may have small excretory glands.
Aquatic arthropods - have green glands that eliminate nitrogenous wastes. |
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Term
| What kind of evolutionary advancements do arthropods have in comparison to annelids? |
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Definition
| Have jointed, segmented, flexible and specialized appendages. |
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Term
| How does the circulatory system of an arthropod work? |
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Definition
| Heart pumps blood through open circulatory system, pumps through arteries that branch into smaller vessels and enter tissues; blood collects in a cavity and pumps back out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arthropods have to molt (shed) their exoskeleton in order to grow. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of respiratory structures arthropods can have? |
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Definition
Gills - crabs, shrimp
Book gills - horseshoe crabs
Book lungs - spiders
Tracheal tubes - insects, millipedes, some spiders |
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Term
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Definition
| Paramecia are unicellular microorganisms belonging to the protoctist phylum Ciliophora. Members of this phylum (ciliates) are characterized by their external covering of continuously beating, hair-like cilia. Cilia are motility organelles homologous to the undulating tails of sperm cells and the epithelial cilia which line our respiratory tracts. These single celled organisms must perform all of the same functions as a multicellular organism without the luxury of labor division amongst specialized cells, and it is their ability to fulfill these requirements along with their elaborate ultrastructure which places them among the most functionally complex cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular tissue that provides support and conducts water from the roots to all parts of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the products of nutrients throughout the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Diploid (2n) plant that produces spores |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid (1n) plant that produces gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized reproductive cell involved with sexual reproduction |
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Term
| What are the 3 tissues levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the jelly-like layer of a sponge? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Meduse: MOTILE bell-shaped cnidarian
Polyp: SESSILE FLOWERLIKE CNIDARIAN |
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Term
| What are the three types of bacterial reproduction? |
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Definition
Endospore
Binary Fission
Bacterial Conjugation |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Fungi? |
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Definition
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygomycota |
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Term
| What are the uses of Fungi? |
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Definition
| Mutualists, we eat them, have enzymes, are decomposers in the environment |
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Term
| What is the mycelium mass of a Fungi composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what ways do our bodies fend off viral diseases? |
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Definition
| Create antibodies, memory cells that remember that specific virus, and produce interferon |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in our food, used in industry (digest petroleum), remove waste products and poisons from water, develop symbiosis relationships with other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that produce methane (methanogens). Live in extremely salty environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Blue-green algae, live in extremely hot water such as hot springs, or survive in extremely cold environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Water plants that lack an internal system of tubes that move water from the different parts of the plant. They live in wet environments. Can be unicellular or multicellular |
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Term
| Gametophytes make gametes by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Sporophytes make spores by... |
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Definition
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