Term
| Which branch of Biology names things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The scientific inquiry that describes natural structure and processes as accurately as possible through method of careful observation and the analysis of data is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which four elements make up 96% of living matter? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What trace element is required by humans and other vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the atomic number? |
|
Definition
| The number of protons in the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of protons and neutrons. |
|
|
Term
| The atomic# for neon is 10. What is the electron number? Is it inert? |
|
Definition
| The electron# in the outer shell is 8, and it is INERT. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bond where the outer shell electrons of two atoms satisfy the requirements of both. |
|
|
Term
| What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to cohesiveness of water molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term given to the belief of a life force is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 functional groups are always found in amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the carbonyl group located in a keytone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are starch, glycogen and chitin all polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes saturated fats "saturated"? |
|
Definition
| The have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than unsaturated fats do. |
|
|
Term
| The alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tertiary structure of a protein is the ____? |
|
Definition
| Unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded peptide. |
|
|
Term
| What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids? |
|
Definition
| The primary, and tertiary structure would change as well as the biological activity or function of the protein. |
|
|
Term
| What is the tern used for a change in a proteins three dimensional shape or conformation die to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which description best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? |
|
Definition
| A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar. |
|
|
Term
| What holds the two strands making up DNA together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary objective of a cell fractionation? |
|
Definition
| Separate the major organelles so their particular functions can be determined. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? |
|
Definition
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| What is probably the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system? |
|
Definition
| rough ER-> vesicles->Golgi->plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which organelle functions in this compartmentalization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments are well known for their role in? |
|
Definition
| Ameboid movement, formation of cleavage furrows, and contracting muscle cells. |
|
|
Term
| Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to what in animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, what is true about the membrane phospholipids? |
|
Definition
| They move laterally along the plane of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| When a membrane is freeze-fractured, the bilayer splits down the middle between the two layers of phospholipids. In an electron micrograph of a freeze fractured membrane, the bumps seen on the fractured surface of the membrane are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures? |
|
Definition
| The double bonds form a kink in the fatty acid tail, forcing adjacent lipids to be farther apart. |
|
|
Term
| Which function is most important of glycoproteins and glypolipids of animal cell membranes? |
|
Definition
| A cells ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule. |
|
|
Term
| What molecule would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most easily? C02, an amino acid, glucose, k+, starch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion is passive and is the process in which molecules pass from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes quickly through cellular membranes because ______? |
|
Definition
| they move through aquaporins in the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What membrane activity does not require ATP hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the voltage across a membrane called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it... |
|
Definition
| contributes to the membrane potenital. |
|
|
Term
| All of the following processes take material in the cells except.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane activity most nearly opposite to exocytosis is.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of macromolecules, breakdown of macromolecules, and control of enzyme activity are aspects of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? |
|
Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? |
|
Definition
| The reaction proceeds with a new release of free energy. |
|
|
Term
| A chemical reaction that has a positive G is correctly described as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions, and it provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. |
|
|
Term
| ATP generally energizes a cellular process by? |
|
Definition
| Breaking a high energy bond. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP? |
|
Definition
| An amino acid with three phosphate groups attached. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions? |
|
Definition
| The reaction always goes in the direction toward chemical equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
| Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis what is correct? |
|
Definition
| Some enzymes change their structure when activators bind to the enzyme. |
|
|
Term
| Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could over come? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nonprotein "helper" of an enzyme molecule called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc functions as |
|
Definition
| cofactor necessary for the enzyme activity. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements concerning the metabolic degradation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is true?
a) The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is exergonic.
b) The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water has a free energy change of -686 kcal/mol.
c)Both! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by... |
|
Definition
| Phosphate level phosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
| Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are... |
|
Definition
| 2NADH, 2H+, 2 Pyruvate, 2ATP and 2 H20 |
|
|
Term
| A molecule that is phosphorylated has... |
|
Definition
| an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work. |
|
|
Term
| During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? |
|
Definition
| the mitochondrial intermembrane space |
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from? |
|
Definition
| chemiosmotic phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in what sequence? |
|
Definition
| food->NADH->electron transport chain->oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? |
|
Definition
| mitochondrial inner membrane |
|
|
Term
| The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to.... |
|
Definition
| act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. |
|
|
Term
| Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? |
|
Definition
| citric acid cycle->FADH2->electron transport chain->ATP |
|
|
Term
| Which metabolic process is most closely associated with intracellular membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into... |
|
Definition
| mitochondrial intermembrane space |
|
|
Term
| Where is ATP located in the mitochondrion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ______, and in this step gain ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during the... |
|
Definition
| reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol. |
|
|
Term
| Molecules that can potentially be converted to intermediates of glycolysis and/or the citric acid cylce include.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloroplasts contain disklike membranous sacs arranged in stacks called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C02 enters and 02 escapes from a leaf via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The summary equation for photosynthesis is... |
|
Definition
| 6CO2+6H20+SUNLIGHT->C6H12O6+602 |
|
|
Term
| What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each FADH2 yields _____ ATP and NADH yields ____ ATP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a reactant and product of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The light reactions occur in the _____ while the calvin cycle occurs in the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The centromere is the region in which... |
|
Definition
| chromatids are attached to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are two centrosomes arranged at opposite poles of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Centrioles begin to move apart in animal cells during which phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longest mitotic phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cetromeres uncouple, sister chromatids are separated, and the two new chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell during which phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following occur during mitoses except... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitososis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with.... |
|
Definition
| Two abnormally small nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes first become visible during what phase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids? |
|
Definition
| from G2 of interphase through metaphase |
|
|
Term
| The somatic cells derived from a single-celled zygote divide by which process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytoskeletal elements play an important roles in cell division. The mitotic spindle apparatus is made of ____ and pulls sister chromatids apart, whereas the contractile ring is made of _____ and required for the separation of daughter cells at the end of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. |
|
Definition
| microtubules: actin microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| If mammalian cells receive the go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will... |
|
Definition
| complete the cycle and divide. |
|
|
Term
| Cells that are in a nondiving state are in which phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that control the activities of other proteins by phosphorylating them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuating in concentration during the cell cycle are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Density-dependent inhibition is explained by.... |
|
Definition
| as cells become more numerous, the amount of required growth factors and nutrients per cell becomes insufficient to allow for cell growth. |
|
|
Term
| Nucleoli are present during... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A particular cell has half as much DNA as some of the other cells in a mitotically active tissure. The cell is most likely in (what phase) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In animals, meiosis results in gamets, and fertilization results in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the term fir a human cell that contains 22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the set of unique physical characteristics that define an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The complete complement of an organism's genes |
|
|
Term
| After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is.. |
|
Definition
| haploid, and the chromosomes are composed of two chromatids. |
|
|
Term
| When does the synaptonemal complex disappear? |
|
Definition
| late prophase of meiosis I |
|
|
Term
| Synapsis, tetrads, and chiasmata are all related to.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of meioses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crossing over occurs in what phase of meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of.. |
|
Definition
| the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I. |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that... |
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate during anaphase |
|
|
