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| 1st offspring generation (P gen. are parents) |
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| 2nd offspring generation (F1 generation are parents) |
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| probable outcome of genetic cross- which tool is used |
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Definition
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| diploid VS haploid (which human cells/what are they) |
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Definition
*haploid cells are germ cells (has 1 sex chromosome)
*diploid cells are body cells (has 2 sex chromosomes) |
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| what an organism's trait looks like (tall/short) |
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| an organism's letters that stand for trait (Tt/TT/tt) |
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XX
chromosomes that go together |
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| mendel's law that says one allele will be greater/stronger than another |
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Definition
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| mendel's law that says alleles will be separated when the organism is being born |
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Definition
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Term
| mendel's law that says one allele doesnt affect another when theyre being put together |
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Definition
| law of independent assortment |
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Term
| sex-linked genes usually located where? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are sex-linked disorders/genes found more? which sex? |
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Definition
| males-only get 1 X chromosome, so thats what they express |
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Definition
| fragment of chromosome is lost |
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Definition
| fragment of chromosome is repeated |
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Definition
| fragment of chromosome is switched w/ another of the same chromosome |
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Definition
| fragment of a chromosome is switched with another chromosome's fragment |
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Term
| # autosomes in human diploid cell |
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Definition
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| autosomes vs sex chromosomes |
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Definition
sex chromosomes are the X and Y at the end (or XX if fem.)
autosomes are all other chromosmes |
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| # sex chromosomes in human diploid cell |
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Definition
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| #total chromosomes in someone w/ trisomy 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of alleles cause huntington's disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of alleles cause colorblindness |
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Definition
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Term
| failure of chromosomes to seperate properly during meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| what occurs genetically to cause down syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
| what occurs genetically to cause klinefelter's syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| what occurs genetically to cause turner's syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
| in pedigrees: autosomal dominant |
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Definition
*dominant ones are shaded in
*fem. and males have it the same amount
*males can be carriers
*about 1/2 have it, 1/2 dont |
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Term
| in pedigrees: autosomal recessive |
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Definition
*recessive shaded in
*males and females have it same amount
*a lot more people don't have it than have it |
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Term
| in pedigrees: sex-linked dominant |
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Definition
*dominant shaded in
*females have it a bit more than males
*about 1/2 have it and 1/2 dont |
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Term
| in pedigrees: sex-linked recessive |
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Definition
*recessive shaded in
*males have it way more than females |
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| in pedigrees: half-shaded = |
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Definition
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Definition
| when all the chromosomes are on a chart. normal one has 46 chromosomes, 2 of which are sex chromosomes and the rest being autosomes |
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Term
which can be found in a karyotype?
trisomy
monosomy
chromosomal deletion
gene mutation |
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Definition
trisomy
monosomy
chormosomal deletion
NOT GENE MUTATION |
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Term
| what is/why use gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
*separation of pieces of DNA by shooting electrocution through them
*smaller pieces move farther toward + end
*used for comparing DNA, locate a particular gene out of thousands, and determine a DNA sequence |
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Term
| reading gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
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Term
| what are bands produced by electrophoresis made of? |
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Definition
DNA!!!!!
because its cut into pieces by enzymes and moves on the gel |
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Term
| the study of interactions of organisms w/ one another and environment |
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Definition
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Term
| original source for energy on earth |
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| makes own food w/ photosynthesis |
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| breaks down organic matter into inorganic matter |
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| eats both plants and meat |
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| a type of symbiosis where 2 species benefit from each other |
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Definition
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Definition
| type of symbiosis where 1 benefits, 1 is neutral |
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Term
| what can be converted to another form but not recycled |
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Definition
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Term
| biotic is to living factors as BLANK is to non-living factors |
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Definition
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Term
| BLANK is any relationship between organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| the phenomenon that a hawk would have a higher concentration of pollution in them than something lower on the food chain is... |
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Definition
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Term
| an ecosystem is also called BLANK and has specific climate and certain organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| photic water is when BLANK can penetrate the surface |
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Definition
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Term
| BLANK is how many individuals are in one area |
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Definition
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Term
| human pop. is currently experiencing BLANK growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| amt. organisms an area can support |
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Definition
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Term
| any factor like weather or competition that can keep a pop.'s number down is a BLANK factor |
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Definition
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Term
which depends on density?
*competition
*extreme weather
*seasonal changes'
*drought |
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Definition
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Term
| whats the difference between epochs, eras, and periods? |
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Definition
| epochs are in periods, periods are in eras |
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Definition
| the layers of rock, fossil, and dirt that is under the ground |
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Definition
| process by which modern organisms have decended from ancient organisms |
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Definition
| how well an organism is fitted or adapted to its environment and other organisms |
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Definition
| inherited characteristic that increases animal's chance for survival |
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Term
| relative dating VS absolute dating VS radioactive dating |
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Definition
relative dating:arranging artifacts acording to supposed adaptations and physical similarities (not by time)
absolute dating: arranging artifacts based on a time scale based on physical or chemical similarities
radioactive dating: arranging artifacts based on time scale based on the amt of radioactive material it contains (usually carbon) |
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Term
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Definition
body structures that look the same as an embryo but have developed differently during evolution
ex. arm/fin/wing |
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Definition
| structures that once served a purpose but now, after evolution, dont |
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Definition
characteristics developed after birth
ex.1 hand smaller than other, back aches due to football |
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Term
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Definition
parts of the body that more than 1 species has/uses for the same purpose, but is developed differently in the embryo
ex. wings on bats, butterflies, birds |
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Term
| what influenced darwin's concept of evolution? |
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Definition
*sailed to Galapagos Islands
*Hutton-earth is old because all these canyons, mts, etc are built
*Lyell- book said geologic pieces are the same ones we saw in the past
*Lamarck-aquired traits are passed on (he was wrong, but he helped)
*DARWIN SAID THERE IS NATURAL SELECTION AND FITNESS AND INHERITED TRAITS ARE PASSED ON |
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Term
| Lamarck's idea of aquired/inherited traits |
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Definition
| he thought aquired traits could be passed on but he was wrong |
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Term
| what is necessary for new species to form? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| group of interbreeding members that are reproductively isolated |
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Definition
| organisms of the same species all living together in 1 area |
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Term
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Definition
| combined genetic information of all the members of a particular pop. |
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Term
| natural selection VS artificial selection |
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Definition
natural selection occurs when there are adaptations and survival of the fittest
ex. brown bunnies survive in forest better than white bunnies
artificial selection occurs when humans decide what lives/what dies
ex.humans using pesticides to kill bugs |
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Term
| random change in frequency of genes in a pop. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
formation of 2 or more species from 1 due to evolution
ex.) 2 species of finches come out of 1 finch species |
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Definition
| emergence of many species from 1 common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments |
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Definition
| species that live near each other look a lot alike |
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Definition
| species develops into 2 different forms that look different from each other |
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Term
| darwin proposed a "theory of evolution by means of ..." |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
niche is the position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals
habitat is the actual surrounding |
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Definition
| how the continents move because they are part of plates in the earth's crust |
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Definition
| 2 organisms can breed, but have different mating rituals, so they become 2 different species |
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Definition
| breed at different times so they become 2 different species |
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Definition
| 2 pop.s are separated because of where they live and they become 2 diff. species |
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Definition
| based on physical similarities |
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Term
| 2 parts of organism's scientific name |
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Definition
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Term
| most specific level of taxa? |
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Definition
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Term
| most general level of taxa? |
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Definition
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Term
| taxa order from kingdom to species |
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti |
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Term
| Characteristics of Archaebacteria? |
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Definition
*cell wall of peptidoglycan
*auto and heterotrophs
*unicellular
*part of archae domain
*prokaryote |
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Term
| Characteristics of Eubacteria |
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Definition
*part of bacteria domain
*prokaryote
*unicellular
*cell wall w/ peptidoglycan
*auto and heterotrophs |
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Term
| Characteristics of Protista |
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Definition
*eukaryote
*cell wall w/ cellulose
*mostly unicellular
*auto and heterotroph
*part of eukarya domain |
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Term
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Definition
*eukaryote
*cell wall w/ chitin
*mostly multicellular
*heterotroph
*part of eukarya domain |
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Term
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Definition
*eukaryote
*cell wall w/ cellulose and chloroplasts
*multicellular
*autotroph
*part of eukarya domain |
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Term
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Definition
*eukaryote
*no cell wall
*multicellular
*heterotroph
*part of eukarya domain |
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Term
| WAYS TO REMEMBER STUFF FOR KINGDOMS |
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Definition
*eApFpA-kingdoms in order
*eukarya are eukaryotes
*peppy people are not peppy when they have cellulose on their chins because its cellulosy and green- the things the cell walls are made of-peptidoglycan, peptidoglycan, cellulose, chitin, cellulose and chloroplasts
*A&H,A&H,A&H,H,A,H
*num. cells= 1,1,1,+,+,+ |
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Term
| 1st types organisms on earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*bacilli-rod
*cocci-spherical
*spirilla-spiral |
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Term
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Definition
| that 1st there was a prokaryote, then more prokaryotes went inside that prokaryote to make a eukaryote |
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Term
| Paramecium: plant/animal-like and how do they move |
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Definition
*animal
*have cilia-little hairs on skinish stuff-to move |
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Term
| ameoba: plant/animal-like and how do they move |
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Definition
animal
moves w/ pseudopods/false feet |
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Term
| euglena: plant/animal-like and how do they move |
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Definition
*plant
*has flagella-pokey thingy
*scoots along |
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Definition
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Common Name/Ex.s
platyhelmenthes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Common Name/Ex.s
echinodermata |
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Definition
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Term
| how to make a cladogram:things higher up have something that the lower down ones do not |
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Definition
*rectangles are the derived characteristics
*cirlces for speciation |
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Term
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Definition
| end of stem, end of organ producing new cells through mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| epidermus-protects the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| xylem/phloem-transports water/food |
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Definition
| cortex-for storage of food |
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Term
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Definition
xylem transports water
phloem transports food |
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Term
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Definition
fibrous root has fibers-like grass/tree
taproot is one big root-like carrot |
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Term
| which parts of plant are for photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
primary VS secondary growth
and where? |
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Definition
primary growth is growing in height(happens at top of plant)
secondary growth is growing in width (happens all over) |
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Term
| what can you tell by looking at tree rings besides age |
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Definition
| how much water that tree got each year and how much it grow secondary growth |
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Term
| what do hormones do to plants |
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Definition
*causes a certain type of tropism
*prevent early drop of fruit
*make plants ripen early or late
*make bigger buds
*make bigger fruit
*affect growth of root
*closes stomata during water drought |
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Term
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Definition
| movement towards/away from a foreign stimulus (controlled by hormones) |
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Definition
| plant's response to gravity |
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Definition
| plant's response to light |
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Definition
| plant's response to physical touch |
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Term
| adaptations of roots and leaves of a cactus |
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Definition
*stem stores food/photosynthesizes
*modified leaves are spines to protect against animals
*roots are sometimes shallow so they can soak up all the water that only penetrates into a couple inches of soil |
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Term
| relationship w/ surface area of leaf & photosynthesis |
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Definition
| the more surface area, the more efficient/quicker photosynthesis goes |
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Term
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Definition
| contains seeds, was once ovaries |
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Term
| reproduction in angiosperm takes place where... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the shock that is sent to brain |
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Term
| somatic VS autonomic systems |
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Definition
| autonomic regulates involuntary activities and somatic regulates activities under conscious control |
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Term
| order of passage of air through respiratory system |
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Definition
| goes in nose/mouth, goes through pharynx, (past epiglottis and larynx) through trachea, to left/right bronchi, to lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth through esophagus, to stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, out anus |
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Term
| central nervous system parts |
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral nercous system parts |
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Definition
| all nerves in body except brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny projections in small intestine that increase the surface area of it |
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Term
| what causes low PH in stomach |
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Definition
| a gland in the stomach produces acid |
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Term
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Definition
produces 2 enzymes
1)neutralizes stomach acid
2)breaks down organic molecules |
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Term
| function of integumentary system |
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Definition
| protects against infection, sun, temp. reg. |
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Term
| function of muscular system |
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Definition
*circulates blood through body
*works w/ bones to move
*helps w/ digestion |
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Term
| function of skeletal system |
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Definition
*helps move
*protects organs
*stores minerals
*blood cell formation |
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Term
| function of lymphatic system |
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Definition
*protects against disease
*collects lost fluid and returns it to circulatory system |
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Term
| function of excretory system |
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Definition
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Term
| function of reproductive system |
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Definition
| to make sperm/eggs and nurture baby |
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Term
| function of digestive system |
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Definition
| converts food to nutrients for body |
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Term
| function of circulatory system |
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Definition
| fights disease, regulates body temp |
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Term
| function of respiratory system |
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Definition
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Term
| function of nevous system |
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Definition
| coordinates body's response to out/inside changes |
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Term
| function of endocrine system |
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Definition
| controls growth, metabolism |
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