Term
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Definition
| The changing in allele frequencies in a population over time. |
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Term
| How long does it take for evolution to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No, individuals do not evolve. They can be a product of evolution but they cannot evolve themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dioxyribonucleaic acid. It is a hereditary molecule that is passed from parents to offspring. It serves as an instruction manual to build an individual. It is common in all living organisms. |
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Term
| What is the structure of DNA (nucleotides)? |
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Definition
| Phosphate, pentose sugar (ribose), nitrogenous base. |
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Term
| What is the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
| Two strands of nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to form a spiral-shaped double helix. Sugar and phosphates form the outside "backbone" of the helix. The bases form the internal "rings" like steps on a twisting ladder. |
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Term
| How many bases does a nucleotide have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four bases of nucleotides? |
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Definition
1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Guanine (G)
4. Cytosine (C) |
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Term
| What is each strand of DNA held together by? |
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Definition
| Base pairing (hydrogen bonding) between bases of each strand. |
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Term
| What is the base pairing rule? |
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Definition
A always pairs with T.
C always pairs with G. |
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Term
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Definition
| When genes are expressed, the nucleotide sequence of the gene determines the amino acid sequence of the protein created. |
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Term
| What is the order of the nucleotide sequence? |
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Definition
| Nucleotide sequence--> amino acid sequence--> 3D shape of the protein --> protein function. |
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Term
| What determines the shape and function of a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Changing an ____ ____in the sequence changes the 3D shape of the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The shape of the ____ determines its _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Everytime a cell prelicates its DNA, mistakes can occur. Once every 10,000 to 100,000 times, DNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to a new strand of DNA will add the wrong nucleotide or add too many or too few bases in a specific location. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mistakes that do not make it through the system of monitoring and repair or destruction. |
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Term
| Where do new alleles come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when a mutation occurs within a gene? |
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Definition
| The amino acid sequence from a gene will be different. |
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Term
| New alleles + natural selection = ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A group of organisms of the same species living together in the same geographic area. |
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Term
| When will a new trait spread within a population? |
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Definition
| When the environment favors the trait. |
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Term
| What are two factors that drive evolution? |
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Definition
1) The arrival of a new alleles from a mutation
2) Changes in the environment |
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
| It is the process of differential survival and reproduction of individuals within a population in response to environmental pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect of natural selection on a population. Allele frequencies change so that individuals within the population have the best chance to survive. |
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Term
| What are the three major patterns of natural selection? |
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Definition
1) Directional selection
2) Stabilizing selection
3) Diversifying selection |
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Term
| What is directional selection? |
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Definition
Occurs when organisms with phenotypes at the end of a spectrum are favored by the environment.
(ex: lactose intolerant) |
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Term
| What is stabilizing selection? |
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Definition
Occurs when organisms with phenotypes near the middle of the phenotype range of variation are favored by the environment.
(ex: babies usually weigh 6-7 pounds) |
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Term
| What is diversifying selection? |
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Definition
Occurs when organisms with phenotypes of both extremes of the phenotypic range of variation are favored by the environment.
(ex: finches beaks are large for large seeds but there are small beaks for small seeds) |
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Term
| Why is genetic diversity important? |
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Definition
A diverse gene pool gives more flexability to a population to survive in a changing environment. The more genetically diverse a population is, the more ways it has to adapt. Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity.
(ex: Radio Lab "sperm") |
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Term
| How do biologists measure the genetic health of populations? |
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Definition
| Alleles do not change in a non-evolving population. |
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Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
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Definition
| In a non-evolving population, genotype frequencies remain unchanged from one generation to the next. |
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Term
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium do? |
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Definition
| It provides a baseline from which to judge if a population is evolving or not. |
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Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation? |
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Definition
1) p + q = 1
2) p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
*p is frequency of dominant allele in the population
*q is frequency of recessive allele in the population
*p^2 is frequency of homozygous dominants
*2pq is the frequency of heterozygous
*q^2 is the frequency of homozygous recessives |
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Term
| What are the five conditions that must be met for a population to be in the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? |
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Definition
1) No mutations introducing new alleles into the popultion.
2) No natural selection favoring some alleles over others
3) An infinitely large population size (and therefore no genetic drift)
4) No influx of new alleles from neighboring populations (i.e. no gene flow)
5) Random mating of individuals |
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Term
| Can a population ever be in strict Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? |
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Definition
| No, because all natural populations are always evolving. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of alleles from one population to another, which may increase the genetic diversity of a population. |
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Term
| What is the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| A population of individuals whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
| What is reproductive isolation? |
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Definition
| Occurs as a result of mechanisms that prevents mating (and therefore gene flow) between members of a different species. |
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Term
| What can reproductive isolation be caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is ecological isolation? |
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Definition
| Occurs when species live in different environments and therefore never encounter one another. |
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Term
| What is temporal isolation? |
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Definition
| Occurs when species display mating behavior or fertility at different times. |
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Term
| What is behavioral isolation? |
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Definition
| Occurs when species have different mating activites or behaviors. |
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Term
| What is mechanical isolation? |
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Definition
| Occurs when mating organs are incompatible. |
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Term
| What is gemetic isolation? |
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Definition
| Occurs when gametes cannot unite. |
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Term
| What is hybrid inviability? |
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Definition
| Occurs when gametes unite, but viable offspring cannot form. |
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Term
| What is hybrid infertility? |
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Definition
| Occurs when viable hybrid offspring cannot reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lining up fossils by age shows a gradual change over time (evolution). |
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Term
| What is comparative anatomy? |
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Definition
| Looking beneath the skin reveals that animals are more similar to each other than you might think. |
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Term
| What is comparative embryology? |
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Definition
| New alleles that separate species are not expressed immediately in an animal's life. |
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Term
| What is comparative biochemistry? |
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Definition
| Animals with closer evolutionary relationships have more simliar nucleotide sequences because there has been less time for mutations to accumulate. |
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Term
| What is artifical selection? |
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Definition
| A human-caused evolution. |
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Term
| What is the ancestry of dogs? |
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Definition
| They were originally wolves that humans domesticated. This occured because of selective breeding. Humans who wanted small dogs bred with small wolves and the same goes for when humans wanted big dogs. |
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Term
| What are the different types of asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
1) binary fission - cells get too big and divide.
2) budding - baby/being comes out of strange area such as a leg.
3) spores - are in the air and land and grow fungus.
4) regeneration |
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Term
| What are the advantages of reproduction? |
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Definition
1) Isolated members of a species can reproduce.
2) Offspring are energetically cheap.
3) Fast population growth. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does sexual dimorphism (animals) occur? |
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Definition
| Because males and females have different reproductive strategies. Reproduction is more resource intensive for males so it pays for them to mate with several females. Female pickiness leads to male competition, which leads to sexual dimorphism. |
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Term
| What does male competition lead to in dimorphism (animals)? |
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Definition
| It leads to huge numbers of sperm, brilliant displays that hint at genetic health (peacock with feathers and cardinal with the red color. only the males have this), increased muscle mass for direct physical competition and subduing females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating between closely related individuals. Inbreeding does not change the allele frequency within a population, but it does increase the proportion of homozygous individuals to heterozygous. |
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Term
| What is inbreeding depression? |
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Definition
| The negative effect of increased homozygous recessive genotypes on a population. |
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