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Definition
| A single molecule of DNA & its associated proteins |
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| 2n = 46 chromosomes 2 pairs of autosomes 1 pair of so cells |
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| 22 pairs are identical chromosomes |
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| 1 pair of XX or XY genes to determine sex |
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| the fusion of nuclei of sperm & ovum = zygote &its diploid |
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| sex cells (germ cells) = 4 non identical daughter cells due to cross over |
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| somatic cells = two identical daughter cells |
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| Meiosis ends with cells that have |
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Definition
| 1/2 their chromosomes and 4 cells instead of 2 |
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| 1st Meiotic divisions ends with |
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Definition
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| 2nd Meiotic divisions ends with |
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Definition
| 4 cells that are haploid Still have to replicate DNA and cytoplasm |
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Definition
| half the chromosomes, and then 2 divisions to get the 4 daughter cells, results in genetic variability |
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| The result of random alignment of the chromosomes |
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Definition
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| Meiosis error, triploid results in |
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Definition
| 69 chromosomes, don’t exist in humans |
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| Meiosis error, nondisjunction results in |
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Definition
| extra or missing chromosomes |
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Definition
| Occurs in testes, results in 4 haploid sperm |
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Definition
| Occurs in ovaries, results in 1 oocyte that’s viable & 3 not viable |
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| Chromosomes are packages of |
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Definition
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| Father of genetics, worked 1st with peas. Took stamen out of short ones and pollinated w/tall. Short plant makes seeds = some tall, some short |
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| One gene and how that one gene is expressed in the offspring |
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| Letters to show trait like XX or Xx |
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| Physical description Ex. Short |
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Definition
| Alleles move apart during gamete formation |
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| Two genes being tracked, ration is 9:3:3:1 |
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Definition
| Chromosomes can be packed more than one way |
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| genes linked to a particular sex |
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| genes not linked to a particular sex |
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| Y chromosome is missing piece of X thus when Mom has bad gene Dad has nothing to stop it with |
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| Mom carrier and Dad is healthy à 1 healthy, 1 carrier , 1 healthy, 1 has trait |
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Definition
| their the biggest, perform the role of tissue macrophages |
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Definition
| immediate immune reaction |
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| filter lymph thus filter out “bugs” |
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| majority of WBC, guard walls to block germs |
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| : one/more layers tightly packed, joined by tight junctions, gap junctions, classified by shape and number of layers. |
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| most diverse, can be anything from liquid to solid, Areolar/Adipose/Ligaments tendons, other examples such as blood, bone, cartilage. |
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Definition
| know types/locations/functions/striations/volvsinvol |
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| :give 2 groups & functions |
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| NS and Endocrine regulate |
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Definition
| homeostasis, NS faster but not necessarily more potent |
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| Skeletal and muscle system |
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Definition
| Ligaments, functions of skeletal system, tendons attach muscle to bone thus moving it when it contracts. |
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Definition
| : functions, definition of nutrient, difference btwn non absorbable/absorbable nutrients, hormones vs enzymes |
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| : heart, BV’s, blood, function |
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| loses h2O at capillaries/replaces it in blood, defense mechanism |
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| negative is more important |
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| right side of heart receives deoxidized blood and sends it to lungs |
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Definition
| do not have nucleus, ribosomes or mitochondria |
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Definition
| Go out after infected cells |
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Definition
| Are specific and have memory. Recognize “bugs” the 2nd time. B cells and T cells |
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Definition
| blood leaves heart, goes to lungs, comes back to heart |
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Definition
| Go out after infected cells |
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Term
| Arterioles get smaller and become |
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Definition
| capillaries where gas exchange takes place |
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Term
| Venules merge forming larger and larger vessels called |
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Definition
| veins that continue to merge until there are only two veins that come to the heart called the SVC and IVC. |
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Definition
| are microscopic arteries that vasoconstrictor or vasodilator to control BP |
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Definition
| the pigment that makes blood red |
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Definition
| exchange of gases (O2/CO2) |
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Definition
| organisms have complex cells |
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| most abundant organism on earth |
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Definition
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Definition
| Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte |
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Definition
| membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus |
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Definition
| bacteria, archea, eukarya |
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| fungi, plants, protists and animals are |
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Definition
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Definition
| resembles bacteria, relatives of eukaryotes |
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Definition
| plants have them, animals do not |
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Definition
| all cells have it to protect it from surroundings |
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Definition
| only lets certain things in or out based on: size, shape, solubility and charge |
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Definition
| Broad defense/non specific goes out against any pathogen |
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Definition
| stabilizes the up and down movement of proteins and phospholipids |
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Definition
| take blood away from the heart and branch getting smaller and smaller to feed all cells O2 |
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Definition
| transport, recognition, adhesion, receptors |
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Definition
| have an endomembrane system |
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Term
| organelles have specific shapes for |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are cell parts connected by vesicles so cells can produce, package, and release products like lipid synthesis |
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Definition
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| has a nucleus that is not membrane bound |
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Definition
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Term
| the phospholipid bilayer is stabilized by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is glycerol, 2FAs and phosphate group |
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Definition
| has enzymes that lyse (break down) substrates, Golgi packages them |
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Definition
| uses cellular respiration to extract energy from food |
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Term
| plant cells have _______ to allow stuff in and out of the cell |
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Definition
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Definition
| are like Lysomes but for plants |
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Definition
| makes proteins complete and become functional |
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Term
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Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and lipids to the Golgi body. found in cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Definition
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| animals have _____ junctions |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of energy needed for a reaction is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water through a membrane |
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Definition
| solute concentration lower in cell, some cells will burst |
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Definition
| the way muscle cells are held together in animals |
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Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| matter can never be created or destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| no proteins are required to move something through membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every reaction loses some energy as heavy |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins are required to move something through membrane ex GLUCOSE |
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| enzymes _________ reactions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| temperature, pH and denaturing |
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Definition
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Definition
| primary source of energy to do work |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| equal concentrations of water and membrane, nothing happens |
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Definition
| solute concentration higher in cell, some cells will shrink |
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Term
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Definition
| moving CPD into cell in vesicles |
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Definition
| moving CPD out of cell in vesicles |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| characteristics of life are |
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Definition
| organization energy use homeostasis reproduction evolution |
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Definition
| atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ system organism |
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Definition
| organisms populations communities ecosystem biosphere |
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Definition
| is the same species ie.all people |
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Definition
| multiple populations i.e. all people and their pets |
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Definition
| the way living things interact with the non living i.e. people and mountains |
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Definition
| where all life occurs i.e. earth |
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Definition
| observations hypothesis data collection analysis peer review theory |
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Definition
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Definition
| take energy from the autotrophs |
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Definition
| adaption, natural selection, evolution |
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Definition
| share electrons, make compounds, strong |
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Term
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Definition
| bond between two ions, it is weak, dissolve in our body like electrolytes, NaCL |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what goes into the solute like Kool-Aid powder goes into water |
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Definition
| the solute and solvent mixed together like ready to drink Kool-Aid |
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Definition
| what a substance is dissolved in like water |
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Definition
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Definition
| is what allows you skip rocks in a pond, it is the hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| solute wont dissolve in the solvent |
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Term
| proteins are _______ bonded together |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of function due to the loss in hydrogen bonding |
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Definition
| in the nucleus, instruction manual for the metabolism in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| reads the message, translates and is where the translation occurs |
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Definition
| protein factories that run our metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosynthesis Builds Carbohydrates Out of Carbon Dioxide and Water |
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Term
| Pigment molecules capture |
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Definition
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Term
| The sun's energy is used to build |
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Definition
| glucose (C6H12O6) from carbon dioxide (CO2) |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 CO2 + 6 H2O - C6H12O6 +6 O2 |
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Definition
| The addition of electrons |
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Definition
| 1/2 for plant’s own fuel Cellulose for cell walls Store as starch or sucrose |
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Definition
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| Cellular respiration, 3 main mechanisms |
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Definition
| Glycolysis - cytoplasm Krebs cycle - mitochondria_x000D_Electron transport chain - mitochondria |
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Definition
| makes leaves green most abundant pigment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • Discrete packets of kinetic energy • Shorter wavelength = more energy |
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Definition
| Bkdwn of glucose into 2 PA’s Anaerobic, cytoplasm, enzymes |
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Definition
| CO2 and O2 enter/exit through stomata |
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Term
| Photosynthesis happens in a plants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – Convert solar energy to chemical energy – Produce ATP and NADPH |
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Term
| Aerobic respiration (reverse of Photosynth) |
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Definition
| Acquire O2 Get rid of CO2 and H2O (waste products) |
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Definition
| uses chlorophyll a, ETC makes ATP |
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Definition
| reduces CO2 & H2O, stores NRG on NADPH |
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Definition
| Uses NADPH & ATP to convert CO2 + H2O into glucose |
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Definition
| take energy from the heterotrophs |
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Definition
| The removing of electrons from H2O to CO2. Makes rust |
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Definition
| 95% of plants, uses Calvin cycle to fix carbon, stomata open/close |
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Term
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Definition
| Separate the light reactions from the carbon reactions, unique cell arrangement |
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Definition
| only open stomata @ night |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cells can’t survive w/o it |
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Term
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Definition
| – Aerobic respiration – Anaerobic respiration – Fermentation |
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Term
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Definition
| C6H12O6 +6 O2 ->6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| photosynthesis and aerobic respiration |
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Term
| Respiration harvests potential energy from |
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Definition
| carb’s/lipids/proteins and uses it to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Every time you eat a carb your body turns it into glucose = primary source of energy. the energy/H are bonded to NAD or FAD. When energy is taken out of glucose . |
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Definition
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Term
| Aerobic/Cellular respiration |
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Definition
| Yields more NRG than glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| mitochondria, COOH taken off = CO2 & NADH |
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Term
| Acetyl (2 Carbon CPD left) add CoA to it |
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Definition
| enter Krebs's cycle, strip NRG off = NADH goes to ETC |
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Term
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Definition
| where ADP + P = ATP, most ATP made here |
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Term
| chlorophyll b, carotenoids |
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Definition
| accessory pigments, so most of the photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| = 36 ATP net (know breakdown/useage) |
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Term
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Definition
| = TG’s: FA made into Acetyl CoA (FA 2° source NRG) while glycerol made into glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| = AA’s: don’t want to waste them for NRG but can do 3 things with them |
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Term
| AA’s are put into the aerobic pathway in 3 places |
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Definition
| PA, Acetyl CoA, or directly into Krebs cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria don’t make as much ATP this way |
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Definition
| Humans & muscle metabolism: anaerobically make LA. ↑LA, ↓ O2 = PAIN |
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Term
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Definition
| Instruction manual: stores information each cell needs to make proteins that run metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Double helix, Made up of nucleotides Sugar-phosphate “backbone” A-T and G-C base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds_x000D_Thus sugar-P-base |
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Term
| Complementary base pairing |
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Definition
| Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are pyrimidines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Discreet package of DNA made up of genes & associated proteins |
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Definition
| All of genetic material in a cell |
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Term
| Two processes of Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
| • Transcription – gene’s DNA sequence copied to RNA (write down the recipe on a recipe card) this happens in the nucleus_x000D_• Translation – RNA used to manufacture a protein (when you follow the recipe you make the protein) this happens at the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of proteins that follows the recipe coded on the gene (specific to that protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosome, where mRNA goes to make protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Bring the specific AA that is coded for on the mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| – Reduce CO2 to glucose – CO2 from atmosphere |
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Definition
| Reads the message and writes it down in codon, Codon is genetic code word corresponds to 1 AA |
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Definition
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Definition
| Almost all cells do this, produces 2 identical daughter cells |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Accidental death of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Any change in DNA sequence _x000D_Requires a great deal of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the cell’s DNA and its associated proteins In this form the DNA can be read and replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| Single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the message on tRNA is in code, this code is in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic phase of cell, protein synthesis occurs, DNA replication, growth, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| is involved in the first line of defense for the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is self fertilization, plants |
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Term
| If mom has negative blood and dad has positive blood |
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Definition
| the RBCs in the baby will be destroyed by mom's antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| closer/farther from the midline |
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Term
| amount of blood pumped per contraction is |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the walls of blood vessels |
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Term
| cell mediated immunity will |
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Definition
| attack transplanted organs |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary source of energy for cells is |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are fluid and stabilized by cholesterol |
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Term
| active transport does NOT include |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a specific function and work together |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 layers, the middle is muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA & cytoplasm must be replicated prior to cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| replication of DNA is accurate because of |
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Definition
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Term
| cellular respiration includes |
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Definition
| glycolysis ETC/electron transport chain and Kreb's Cycle |
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Term
| the "highway" that transports lipids/proteins to the Golgi body is |
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Definition
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Term
| during aerobic respiration, most ATP is produced in |
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Definition
| the ETC/Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| triglycerides are made out of |
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Definition
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Term
| Semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| Each half of the new DNA helix conserves half of the original molecule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sorts, packages, and transports stuff to the cell membrane |
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