Term
| Darwins 4 Observations & 2 inferences |
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Definition
Darwin's observations
- Species have the ability to produce more offspring than is necessary to replace themselves (superfecundity)
- There is a finite pool of resources that is smaller than necessary to allow all offspring to survive
- Natural populations are of constant size (over the long term)
- Individuals within a species vary in many characteristics
- Much of that variation is heritable
Darwin's inferences
- Individuals compete (or otherwise struggle with each other) for limited resources
- Only some individuals survive to reproduce
- those that more successfully obtain resources are more successful
Over many generations, a population will consist of the most successful kinds of individuals |
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Definition
Populations evolve over time, changes are passed down to next generation
Long process
Evo. is not deliberate its reactive |
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| 4 lines of evidence of Evo. and Natural Selection |
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Definition
- fossil record
- anatomic homology
- biogeography
- observations
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change in genetic composition (allele frequencies) of a population from generation to generation
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| A discrete unit of hereditary information |
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| An alternate version of a gene that accounts for variation in inherited characters |
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| localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
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| transfer of alleles between populations |
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| chance events that cause allele frequencies to change unpredictably from one generation to the next |
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| movement of alleles among populations |
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| When a few individuals from a large population become isolated (colonists) |
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| sudden reduction in population size due to a change in environment |
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| Hardy weinburg 5 conditions |
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Definition
no mutations, gene flow, or natural selection
large population size
random mating |
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Definition
| region in which members of a different species mate and produce hybrids |
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| Hypothesized early atmosphere was a reducing environment, organic compounds formed from single molecules, energy provided by sun and lightning for synthesis |
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| Tested Haldane and Oparins hypothesis=possible |
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| populations geographically isolated |
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| speciation occurs in geographically overlapping populations |
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| presence of extra set of chromosomes due to accidents in cell division |
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| wide scale evolution that modifies a species of a whole phylogenetic tree of organisms, caused by microevolution |
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| developing of a species through allopatric speciation/sympatric speciation |
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| describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages. |
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Definition
have the same physiology, different function
Homologous structures are body parts that are alike because the species in question share a common ancestor. These structures may serve the same or different functions |
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Definition
| work led him to the same conclusions that darwin came up with, published second |
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| darwins observations were based on |
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Definition
| the number of potential offspring possible for any species |
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| influential component to continuation of species |
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| environment chooses traits |
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| produce variation in gene pool |
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Definition
| mutation, crossing over, sexual repro. |
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| organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution. |
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| uses mutation rate for phylogeny, some genomes are under constant evolutionary change |
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| theory that a seperate organism was engulfed by another cell and later proved useful to it |
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| fungi that do not have a sexual reproductive pattern, deuteromycota |
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| The historical relationships among lineages of organisms or their parts |
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| chitridiomyocota, zygomyocetes, glomeromycetes, ascomyocetes, basidiomycetes |
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| flagellated spores, earliest groups |
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| produce zygosporangia, bread mold |
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| sexual spores, sac like asci contained in fruiting bodies called asci, asexual reproduction by conidia |
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| make a mushroom, elaborate fruiting body, puffball, mushroom, shelf fungi |
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| grow in extreme temp, introns only present in some genes or not at all, prokaryotes, dna circular, dna exchange=pilus |
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| rRna sequences unique, prokaryotes, gram stains, circular dna, dna exchange= pilus, anthrax |
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| nuclear envelope, histones associated with dna are present in some or all org., more related to archae |
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| heart shaped gametophyte of fern |
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Definition
| antheridia, archegonia, sporophyte grows out of |
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| after pollination and formation of zygote |
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| allowed plants to colonize land |
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| 3-4 sperm cells and cells that form a pollen tube |
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| common ancestor to plants |
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| tracheids, xylem, phloem, lignin |
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| allow plants to become tall/sturdy |
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| derived characteristics of plants |
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Definition
| alternation of generations, walled spores, multicellular gametangia, apical meristem |
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| 1 cotyledon, random vasc. tissue, parallel venation, organs in mult. of 3, no taproot, 1 pollen opening |
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| 2 cotyledons, ringlike vasc. tissue, netlike venation, organs in mult. of 4 and 5, taproot, multipollen opening |
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| male, releases pollen, anther, filament |
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| female, stigma, style, ovule, ovary |
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| petals, stem, sepal, stamen, carpel |
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| rate of reproductive development |
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| evolution in which organisms form new species that fill different ecological roles |
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| multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes, tissues that develop from embryonic layers |
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| cells develop at slight angles to one another, protosomes |
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| cells develop directly over the other cells, dueterosomes |
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| derived characteristics of chordates |
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Definition
| pharangeal gill slits, post anal tail, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord |
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| What distinguishes humans from apes |
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Definition
| bipedalism, use of tools, symbolic thought, larger brain, reduced jawbone and jaw muscles, shorter digestive tract |
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| anus developes first, archenteron forms coelom, radial/indeterminate |
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| mouth develops first, ceolom from mesoderm, spiral/determinate |
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| lack true tissues, symmetry, are suspension feeders, choanocytes or collar cells |
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| 1.The diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action |
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Definition
modified mitochondria
unique flagella |
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Definition
Hairy/Smooth Flagella
Membrane bound sac
Secondary endosymbiosis
Malaria
includes alveolates and stramenopiles |
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Defined by DNA similarities
Threadlike psuedopodia
phytoplankton |
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red green algae
land plants |
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