Term
| Where does the most digestion occur? |
|
Definition
| The small intestine or the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What are lacteals and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Lymph capillaries and absorbs fat. |
|
|
Term
| What is first absorbed and carried by lymph vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the pancreas connected to the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three digestive enzymes? |
|
Definition
| Amylases, lipases, and proteases |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates are digested by which enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats are digested by which enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are digested by which enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces bicarbonates to neutralize stomach acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the small intestine microvilli? |
|
Definition
| It secretes enzymes to perform final breakdown of food to small absorbable molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An emulsifying agent for the breaking down of fats. Has detergent properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another term for the Large Intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B and K vitamins and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| True or False. The colon cannot absorb all B vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals that feed on feces are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the job or the Enteric Nervous System ? |
|
Definition
| Controls glands, muscles, and motility |
|
|
Term
List length of digestive time from greatest to least amount of time.
Carbs, fats, proteins |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates (within hours), Proteins, fats (up to 6 hours) |
|
|
Term
| What are the five main hormones involved in digestion? |
|
Definition
| Gastrin, CCK, Secretin,GIP, and GLP |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is secreted in response to small peptides in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small intestine contains cells that secrete which two hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone causes the gall bladder to contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is secreted when chyme from the stomach enters the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first hormone discovered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the release of secretin? |
|
Definition
| The presence of acid in the small intestines. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone causes the pancreas to release bicarbonates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone slows down the emptying of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone stimulates insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose-like Intestinal Peptide |
|
|
Term
| Which type of diabetes doesnt respond to GIP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone inhibits acid secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone inhibits stomach-emptying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone increases satiety? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the digestive system, which part do hormones not play a role in its motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| The enteric nervous system and the ANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The genetic change in a population of organisms |
|
|
Term
| What is natural selection? |
|
Definition
| The difference in survival and reproduction of individuals because of different genotypes |
|
|
Term
| What are the units of evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A localized group of individuals belonging to the same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of populations with the potential to interbreed and produce a viable offspring in nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the genes in the entire population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An alternative state of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All genes contained in its diploid cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A physical manifestation of expressed genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specific place on each chromosome where an allele is located |
|
|
Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
|
Definition
| When an offspring differs from both parents |
|
|
Term
| When does gene interaction occur? |
|
Definition
| It occurs when two or more genes determine a single phenotype trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gene that has more than one effect on a phenotype |
|
|
Term
| What does the word epigenetic inheritance refer to? |
|
Definition
| It refers to reversible, heritable changes in gene expression that occurs without a genetic change |
|
|
Term
| What two major mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance blocks gene expression? |
|
Definition
| Acetylation (of chromosomal histones) and Methylation (of cytosines on DNA) |
|
|
Term
| When does gene imprinting occur? |
|
Definition
| It occurs when an allele that is expressed is determined only by which parent contributes to it |
|
|
Term
| What does parental conflict hypothesis state? |
|
Definition
| It states that the father is more interested in growth of offspring at the expense of mom, whereas mom has to balance her own and offsprings survival |
|
|
Term
| What causes sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
| By a homozygous recessive gene |
|
|
Term
| What are five major factors that can cause evolution? |
|
Definition
| Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Nonrandom Mating, and Natural Selection |
|
|
Term
| Which major factor that causes evolution produces adaptive evolution change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which factor that causes evolution changes genotype but is slow and insignificant without selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The change in genetic info of a cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the mutation rate of a gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the types of mutations? |
|
Definition
| Point mutation, transposition, and chromosome duplication and deletion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The change in one or a few nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of a gene on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More than two complete sets of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agent that increases the rate of mutation |
|
|
Term
| What are three major mutagens? |
|
Definition
| Ionizing radiation, uv light, and chemical mutagens |
|
|
Term
| What does ionizing radiation create? |
|
Definition
| It creates free radicals which break DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is xeroderma pigmentosum? |
|
Definition
| A rare disorder where individuals can't repair UV damage; full skin tumors |
|
|
Term
| Which has more energy UV light or Ionizing radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single-ringed DNA bases; like Cs and Ts |
|
|
Term
| What problems do chemical mutagens cause? |
|
Definition
| They cause problems with transcription and base pairing and fall into two general classes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two general classes that result from chemical mutagens? |
|
Definition
| Nucleotide look-a-likes that incorporate into DNA during replication and chemicals that alter existing DNA nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Where do mutations occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do somatic mutations cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False, Germ cell mutations are the least harmful. |
|
Definition
| False they are mostly harmful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The uncontrolled growth of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A number of genes that seem to be involved in cancer |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of oncogenes? |
|
Definition
| Most are involved in cell replication process and some turn on cell replication and control it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A movement of genes from one population to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The changes in gene frequency due to random events; especially in small populations |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of genetic drift most commonly observed? |
|
Definition
| Founder effect and Bottleneck |
|
|
Term
| What is the founder effect? |
|
Definition
| Allele frequencies of a small population that becomes isolated is different from original population |
|
|
Term
| What is Ellis-van Creveld syndrome? |
|
Definition
| A rare allele that causes short limbs and extra fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a population undergoes a decrease in size |
|
|
Term
| What is non-random mating/sexual selection? |
|
Definition
| When mates are chosen on basis of physical or behavioral characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of non-random mating/sexual selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fisher's runaway selection theory? |
|
Definition
| Some traits that do not enhance fitness are selected because of memebers of opposite sex find it attractive |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection |
|
|
Term
| What is directional selection? |
|
Definition
| Shifts in frequency of a trait in a particular direction |
|
|
Term
| What is stabilizing selection? |
|
Definition
| Natural selection that selects against extremes in phenotype |
|
|
Term
| What is disruptive selection? |
|
Definition
| Natural selection that increases frequency of extreme types |
|
|
Term
| What are the seven reasons why a species can't form? |
|
Definition
| Temporal, Ecological, Behavioral, and Mechanical, Gametic, Hybrid Sterility, and Hybrid Inviability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When populations breed at different times of the day, of the year, or in different years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lifestyles or habitats of populations differ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mating behavior, courtship rituals differ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anatomical incompatibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When gametes are incompatible |
|
|
Term
| What is hybrid sterility? |
|
Definition
| Can prevent development of viable, fertile adults |
|
|
Term
| What is hybrid inviability? |
|
Definition
| When embryos don't develop properly, or offsprings are weak |
|
|
Term
| What is allopatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when two or more populations diverge because of geographical separation |
|
|
Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| Speciation that occurs withour geographic isolation usually via polyploidy or disruptive selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It states that body size in a specie increases as you go north |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States the extremities of a specie are shorter as you go north |
|
|
Term
| Evolution occurs on a continuum from what to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is punctuated equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Periods of stasis punctuated by sudden explosions of new species |
|
|
Term
| What is adaptive radiation? |
|
Definition
| A burst of new species from a single lineage; filling different unoccupied niches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A way an organism uses its enviroment |
|
|
Term
| Tremendous radiation of new species occured during which time period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptive radiations often follow what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most famous mass extinctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Permian Mass Extinction. |
|
Definition
| 250 million years ago, 90+% of species were lost |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Cretaceous Mass Extinction. |
|
Definition
| 65 million years ago; about 1/2 of species lost |
|
|
Term
| During which mass extinction were the dinosaurs extincted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adaptive radiations that are facilitated by polyploidy and changes in timing or rate of development |
|
|
Term
| What is allometric growth? |
|
Definition
| Causes parts of same organism to grow at different rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An evolutionary history of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The identification and classification of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A guy who developed the basis for modern taxonomy |
|
|
Term
| What are the two part latin name that identifies an animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a phylogenetic tree? |
|
Definition
| A form of classification that includes evolution affinities |
|
|
Term
| True or False, Only homologous similarities are valid for classification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name each taxon in order. |
|
Definition
| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species |
|
|
Term
| What is maximum parsimony? |
|
Definition
| The assumption that the tree that has the fewest evolutionary events is most likely |
|
|
Term
| What are molecular clocks based on? |
|
Definition
| Are based on observations that random mutations accumulate in genes at fairly constant rates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of how organisms interact with one another and with physical environment |
|
|
Term
| When does interspecific competition occur? |
|
Definition
| It occurs when two species occupy overlapping niches and use same resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A place where an organism lives |
|
|
Term
| What is competitive exclusion principle? |
|
Definition
| No two species can occupy same niche indefinitely; more effecient species eliminate other, they compete for limiting resources |
|
|
Term
| What is resource partitioning? |
|
Definition
| Subdividing habitats or niches |
|
|
Term
| When does character displacement occur? |
|
Definition
| It occurs when species evolve different thus reducing competition and allow coexistence |
|
|
Term
| What is character displacement? |
|
Definition
| Any change in morphology, niche or behavior resulting in competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ecological relationship between two species living in direct contact |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
| cooperative and antagonistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one specie benefits at another's expense |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of parasitism? |
|
Definition
| Endoparasites and Ectoparasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasites that live within their host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasites that feed on external surface of host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One species benefits without harming other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reciprocally induced evolution change between two or more species |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular symbionts include what and what in eukaryotes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cellulose-digesting bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the N-2 fixing bacteria in higher plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is batesian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| When a non-toxic species mimic a toxic species. |
|
|
Term
| What is mullerian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| When toxics evolve similar in coloration and predators learn more quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interacting group of many species inhabiting common area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A community of organisms + abiotic parts of their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the ecosystems combined into one |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of biotic organisms? |
|
Definition
| Producers, consumers, and decomposers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that harvest energy directly from the sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that obtain energy from dead organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Producers; produce own food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consumers and decomposers; obtain food from other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sequence describing who eats whom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each level of a food chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The weight of all organisms in each trophic level |
|
|
Term
| What is population ecology? |
|
Definition
| The study of changes in population size and composition and the underlying causes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ecosystems that become more complex over time. |
|
|
Term
| Which three processes drive succession? |
|
Definition
| Tolerance, Facilitation, and Inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early successional species (pioneers) are tolerant of harsh, abiotic conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early species change the habitat, making it favorable for other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sometimes changes occur that inhibit growth of pioneer species |
|
|
Term
| Changes often proceed to a what that is characteristic of environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of characteristics of populations |
|
|
Term
| What is an age structure? |
|
Definition
| The relative number of individuals in each age range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of offsprings produced each year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average time between the birth of individuals and birth of their offspring |
|
|
Term
| What is a survivorship curve? |
|
Definition
| A curve that shows survival probabilities with age of a population |
|
|
Term
| What is the life history of a species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Big bang... one large reproduction event and then die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When species produce fewer offsprings per year but reproduce for more years |
|
|
Term
| True or False, Natural selection favors a life history that minimizes lifetime reproductive success. |
|
Definition
| False; maximizes lifetime reproductive success |
|
|
Term
| True or False; The capacity for growth in any population is linear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Populations growing exponentially produce a what growth curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of population increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When birth rate is at a max and death rate is at a minimum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
| The max population density that can be sustained indefinitely |
|
|
Term
| Species with a large number of offspring have ______ Rmax. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Species reproducing at a young age have a _________ Rmax. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| R-strategist or R-selected species... |
|
Definition
| Have a high Rmax, reproduce as fast as possible, small quick maturing short lived, pioneer species with high predation |
|
|
Term
| K-strategists or K-selected... |
|
Definition
| Have low Rmax, tend to live long, reproduce later in life, produce few, large offspring with more parental care (iteroparity), offspring usually produced in series of small litters |
|
|
Term
| Most species are _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are density dependent factors? |
|
Definition
| The ones that increase as population increases |
|
|
Term
| What are density independent factors? |
|
Definition
| Ones that are unrelated to population size; i.e. environmental factors |
|
|
