Term
| What is a monosaccharide? |
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Definition
| A single sugar molecule (glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugars composed of two monosaccharides (lactose) |
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Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
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Definition
| A large macromolecule made up of many monosaccharides (glycogen, starch) |
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Term
| What is the general structure of a carbohydrate? |
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Definition
-it's made up of elements: oxygen, hydrogen and carbon atoms
-ring structure
-basic unit: glucose |
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Term
| What is the function of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
-supplies energy for the body
-provides structural components
-short term and immediate energy |
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Term
| What are the indicators used to test various forms of carbohydrates? (explain what each indicator tests for as well) |
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Definition
Bendict's: tests for sugar or carbs
Lugol's: tests for carbs |
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Term
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Definition
-animal/vegetable fat
-butter, meat, eggs
-increases cholesterol level
-bad fats |
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Term
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Definition
-processed foods (packaged)
-bad fats
-fried food |
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Term
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Definition
-good fat (better than saturated)
-vegetable oil
-fats that are liquid at room temperature
-nuts, olives, etc. |
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Term
| What is the structure of a lipid? |
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Definition
-carbon + hydrogen atoms
-not water soluble
-base unit is glycerol and attached is fatty acids
-(long chain) |
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Term
| What is the function of lipids? |
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Definition
-energy storage
-insulation
-waterproof covering |
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Term
| What is the indicator for lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the building blocks of protein |
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Term
| Structural proteins vs. Functional proteins |
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Definition
Structural: fibrous proteins such as keratin
Functional: food ingredient |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes catalyze various reactions that occur in the human body |
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Term
| What is the structure of a protein? |
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Definition
-nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-"T" sign
-20 types of different amino acids |
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Term
| What is the function of proteins? |
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Definition
-controls rate of reactions and regulates cell processes
-proteins used to form bones, muscles, and tissues |
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Term
| What indicator tests for protein? |
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Definition
| Biruet's tests for proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Catalysts: chemicals that speed up rate of a chemical reaction
Enzymes: Proteins that act as biological catalysts |
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Term
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Definition
| The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
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Term
| What is the definition of denature? |
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Definition
| When a protein loses it's shape due to extreme temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that digests proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigments are what plants contain which allows them to absorb light energy |
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Term
| What are accessory pigments? |
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Definition
| Pigments that absorb light energy and transfers it to chloraphyll A |
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Term
What is chloroplast?
(stroma, grana stacks, thylakoid membrances) |
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Definition
A green structure in plants giving them their green color
Stroma is the fluid inside of the chloroplast
Grana Stacks are within the stroma which are stacks of thylakoid membranes |
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Term
| Difference between ATP and ADP |
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Definition
| ATP has one adenine, one ribose and two phosophate groups. It is turned into ADP when one of the phosophates breaks off |
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Term
| What is the goal of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| For plants to make their own food |
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Term
| In what two ways do plants obtain energy? |
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Definition
| sunlight & chemical bonds |
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Term
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| H2O + CO2 (light)--> C6H12O6 + O2 |
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Term
| In what cell structure does photosynthesis occur? |
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Definition
| In the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast |
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Term
Light Dependent Reactions:
What is required to start the first step of photosynthesis?
What gas is released as a result? |
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Definition
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Term
Light Independent Reaction:
What is required?
What is produced as a result? |
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Definition
-ATP and NADPH(energy source)
-ADP and NADP+ |
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Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| It is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
| What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + ENERGY RELEASED (ATP) |
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Term
| In what cell structure does respiration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens with glycolysis? |
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Definition
| It's the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molucules of pyruvic acid |
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Term
| What happens with the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
Makes a bunch of electrons and puts CO2 into the air
-releases 2 ATPs |
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Term
| What happens with the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
-requires oxygen
-produces 32 ATPs |
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Term
| When does fermentation occur and what is it's significance to the body? |
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Definition
| Fermentation occurs when there is sugars and proteins. Sugars cause a CO2 production and proteins break down |
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Term
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Definition
| nature fighting against change to keep everything in balance |
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Term
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Definition
| survival depends on everything working together |
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Term
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Definition
| plants cells use it for protection and support |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered cells/illumination system |
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Term
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Definition
| first to see protozoa/discovered bacteria, blood, and sperm cells |
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Term
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Definition
| allows certain molecules in the cell while keeping other molecules out |
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Term
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Definition
contain nucleus
larger, more complex
dozens of structures
ex. plants/animals/fungus |
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Term
|
Definition
no nucleus
smaller - not complicated
grow/reproduce/respond to environment
ex. bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
1. all living things are composed of cells
2. cells are basic unit of structure and function
3. new cells are produced from existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
-disease arises in cells rather than tissues and organs
-every cell comes from another cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cells are basic unit of structure and function in plants |
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Term
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Definition
-animal parts made of cells
-all living things made up of cells |
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Term
| Organization in Living Systems |
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Definition
| All systems are organized from simple to complex |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of energy from one to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| The proper functioning of an organism relies on its specific structure |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| first compound microscope |
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Term
|
Definition
| evolution into different forms while retaining defining characteristics |
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Term
| The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is not a form of passive transport. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is not a form of passive transport. |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of cell membrane |
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Definition
| allows certain molecules in the cell while keeping other molecules out |
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Term
| Definition of golgi apparatus |
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Definition
| sorts, modifies, & packages proteins for transport out of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| contains digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| contains chromosomes that direct all of the cell's processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| jsite of protein synthesis |
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Term
| Definition of endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| highly folded membrane structure where chemical reactions take place |
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Term
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Definition
| a storage site in the cell for both beneficial and waste molecules |
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Term
| Difference between simple and facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
simple: random movement
facilitated: uses aid of transport molecules |
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Term
Why do cells divide?
(three reasons) |
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Definition
| Growth, Repair, & Reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
-lower concentration of water inside the cell than outside
-water will flow IN |
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Term
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Definition
-Higher concentration of water inside the cell than outside
-Water will flow OUT |
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Term
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Definition
| The variety of life on earth |
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Term
|
Definition
| captures energy from sunlight or chemicals |
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Term
| Definition of Heterotrophs (aka consumers) |
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Definition
| Relies on other organisms to survive |
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Term
| Ecology is the study of _______________ |
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Definition
| the interactions between organisms and their environment |
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Term
Letels of organization of ecological structure
(5 levels) |
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Definition
| Organisms --> Population --> Community --> Ecosystem --> Biosphere |
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Term
| What is exponential growth? |
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Definition
when something gets larger, it also grows faster
ex. population |
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Term
| What is carrying capacity? |
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Definition
| When the environment can no longer support more organisms |
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Term
| What are limiting factors? |
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Definition
| Factors that cause the population growth to decrease |
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Term
| Three types of habitats in Illinois? |
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Definition
| Forests, wetlands, and prairies |
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Term
| What are the 8 Earth biomes? |
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Definition
| Rainforests, Deserts, Tundras, Taigasa, Grasslands, Temperate Deciduous Forests, Marine, Freshwater |
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Term
| Three forms of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Starches, Glycogen, Cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins |
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