Term
| What are the four characteristics of life? |
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Definition
All life forms:
1) Reproduce
2) Contain DNA
3) Extract energy from their surroundings and convert it into energy for themselves
4) Sense and respond to changes in their surroundings |
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Term
| Briefly describe the scientific method |
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Definition
| The scientific methid begins with making observations. Next you form a hypothesis to explain your obsrvations. Then you collect data that test your hypothesis. If the data are consistent with the hypothesis the hypothesis becomes a theory. Continue to test the theory with generations of data. If the data are not consistent with the theory or the hypothesis, either adjust or discard the theory or hypothesis. If the Data are consistent with the theory, the theory becomes a scientific law. |
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Term
Name the hierarchical classification groups in order.
King Phillip Cried Out For Goodness Sake |
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of all five kingdoms? |
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Definition
Monera-single or a small group of prokaryotic cells, producers
Protista-single or a small group of eukaryotic cells, consumers
Fungi-multicellular, eukaryotic, decomposers
Plantae- multicellular, eukaryotic, producers
Animalia- multicellullar, eukaryotic, consumers |
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Term
| What are the shapes of bacteria? |
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Definition
Cocci (spherical)
Spirilla (Helical)
Bacilli (Rod-shaped) |
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Term
| What are the bacteria growth requirements? |
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Definition
Moisture
Moderate temperature
Nutrition
Darkness
The proper amount of oxygen |
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Term
| Describe the reproduction that a bacteria performs |
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Definition
asexually
DNA loop attaches to the plasma membrane and is copied. After the DNA is copied, the cell wall elongates separating the two strands.
Once the DNA loops are separated new cell wall material and plasma membrane grow closing the two off from each other. As long as their were no mutations the two cells are identical. |
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Term
| Describe parasitic bacteria. |
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Definition
| Many parasitic bacteria lack the ability to digest nutrients, and to make the chemicals necessary for life. Therefore they must absorb these things from a host. |
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Term
| What do saprophytic bacteria do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of respiration can bacteria perform? |
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Definition
Anaerobic-Does not need oxygen to survive
Aerobic-Does need oxygen to survive |
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Term
What are the Characterisitics of the Phyla:
Sarcodina
Ciliophora
Mastigophora
Sporozoa |
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Definition
Sarcodina-pseudopods, No standard body shape, enclosed in a flexible plasma membrane, When not moving they are somewhat spherical
Ciliophora-cilia, vary in shape, mostly live in fresh water, can be quite large for a protozoan
Mastigophora-flagella, all sizes of organisms, variety of habitats
Sporozoa-no means of locomotion, more than 30,000 species in this phylum, parasitic, form spores |
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Term
| What is the genus that contains parasites that cause malaria and what animal is it spread by? |
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Definition
Genus Plasmodium
The mosquito |
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Term
| What photosynthesis producing organism produces the greatest amount of oxygen adn what phylum are they found in? |
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Definition
Diatoms
Phylum Chrysophyta |
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Term
| What are the types of locomotion in protists? |
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Definition
Pseudopods
Cilia
Flagella |
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Term
| What are the commmon characteristics of most fungi? (there are 5) |
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Definition
Heterotrophic
Most Saprophytic (a few are Parasitic)
Digest food outside of body
Reproduce by making spores
Most are multicellular |
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Term
What are the functions of these specialized hyphae:
Haustorium
Rhizoid Hyphae
Stolon
Sporophore |
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Definition
Haustorium-hypha of a parasitic fungus that absorbs nutrition from the host's cytoplasm
Rhizoid Hyphae-Support the fungus and digest food
Stolon-reproduction
Sporophore-produces spores |
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Term
| Briefly describe yeast fermentation. |
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Definition
Makes bread dough rise.
Occurs when yeast mixes with sugar breaking it down into alchohol and carbon dioxide. |
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Term
Name the 4 phototsynthesis requirements in
reference to chemistry. |
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Definition
1) carbon dioxide
2) water
3) glucose
4) oxygen |
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Term
What is an atom?
an element?
a molecule? |
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Definition
Atom-The basic building blocks of matter
Element-A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons
Molecule-Chemicals that result from atoms linking together |
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Term
| Briefly describe diffusion. |
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Definition
| The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentretion. |
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Term
| Briefly describe osmosis. |
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Definition
| The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of a nucleotide structure? |
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Definition
1) Deoxyribose (a simple sugar that contains 5 carbons)
2) A phosphate group (an arrangement of phosphorous, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms)
3) A nucleotide base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
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Term
| Briefly describe the pH scale. |
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Definition
0-6 is acidic
7 is neutral
8-14 is alkaline |
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Term
| Briefly describe the structure of DNA. |
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Definition
Shape is a double helix
The nucleotide bases hydrogen bond together with adenine and thymine together and
cytosine and guanine together |
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Term
What are the functions of the following cell organelles:
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Lysosome
Golgi Body |
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Definition
Mitochondria-Where nutrients are converted to energy
Ribosome- Responsible for protein synthesis
Lysosome-In animal ells, responsible for hydrolysis that breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids
Golgi Body-Where proteins and lipids are stored |
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Term
| Briefly describe the processes of transcription and translation. |
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Definition
Transcription is when messenger RNA (mRNA) makes its negative image in order to copy the nucleotide sequence in DNA.
Translation is when the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome, where transfer RNA (tRNA) strands carry amino acids to the mRNA and then line them up in the order determined by the sequence of nucleotides. The amino acids then bond together, making a protein |
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Term
| Name the 4 stages of cellular respiration. Which produces the most energy? |
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Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
3) Krebs cycle
4) Electron transport system
The electron transport system produces the most energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasmolysis is when the cytoplasm of a walled cell collapses due to lack of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytolysis is when the cell ruptures due to excess internal pressure. |
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Term
What is a hypertonic solution?
a hypotonic solution?
an isotonic solution? |
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Definition
A hypertonic solution is when theconcentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
A hypotonic solution is when the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
An isotonic solution is when the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution |
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Term
| How many nucleotides code for 1 amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the mitosis phases in order. |
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Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
| Name the stages of meiosis in order. |
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Definition
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II |
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Term
What does haploid mean?
diploid? |
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Definition
Haploid is A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
Diploid is a cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vaccine is a weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen |
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Term
| Name the 2 virus characteristics. |
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Definition
1) It has a genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat
2) It cannot reproduce on its own |
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Term
| What is a monohybrid cross? |
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Definition
| A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype? |
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Definition
| A phenotype is the observable trait and a genotype is the two-letter set that represents the alleles. |
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Term
Evaluate these sets of data as for or againsr macroevolution or as inconclusive:
Fossil Record
Geological Column
Structural Homology
Molecular Biology |
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Definition
Fossil record- Against
Geological Column- For
Structural Homology- Inconclusive
Molecular Biology- Against |
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Term
| Breifly explain Darwin's beliefs and the influences on his beliefs. |
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Definition
| Darwin believed and created evolution. Some influences on his thinking were Thomas Malthus who gave Darwin the idea that life is the survival of the fittest. Also Sir Charles Lyell was one of the first scientists who rejected the history of the world as told in the Old Testament. Darwin also adapted this idea. |
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Term
What is microevolution?
macroevolution? |
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Definition
Microevolution is the theory that natural selection can, over time, take an organism and transform it into a more specialized species of that organism.
Macroevolution is the hypothesis that processes similar to those at work in microevolution can, over eons of time, transform an organism into a completely different kind of organism |
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Term
Name the sources that add oxygen to the air?
What about those that remove oxygen? |
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Definition
Add- ozone destruction, water vapor destruction, photosynthesis
Remove- ozone formation, rusting of metals and minerals, fire, respiration |
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Term
Name the sources that add carbon dioxide to the air
What about those that remove carbon dioxide? |
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Definition
Add- fuel burning, respiration, decomposition, fire
Remove- dissolving into ocean, photosynthesis |
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Term
| What is the greenhouse effect? |
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Definition
| The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases (principally water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap heat that would otherwise escape the earth and radiate into space. |
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Term
| Briefly describe how the earthworm reproduces. |
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Definition
| An earthworm is hermaphroditic which means they possess both male and female reproductive organs. When an earthworm mates, it finds another earthworm pointing in the opposite direction, and the two worms attach themselves together with a slime tube exchanging their sperm. |
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Term
| How does an earthworm breathe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of asexual reproduction within a sponge? |
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Definition
Budding
Regeneration
Produce a gemmule |
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Term
State what the following anatomical terms mean:
Medial
Anterior
Dorsal
Lateral
Ventral
Posterior |
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Definition
Medial-situated towards the middle
Anterior-of or towards the head
Dorsal-of or towards the tail
Lateral-of or relating to the side
Ventral-of or relating to the belly
Posterior- of or towards the anus |
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Term
Evaluate whether the following organisms have open or closed circulatory systems:
Earthworm
Crayfish
Perch
Frog |
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Definition
Earthworm-closed
Crayfish- open
Perch- closed
Frog- closed |
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Term
| Name the five characteristics of class Arachnida(spiders). |
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Definition
1) Four pairs of walking legs
2) A cephalothorax instead of seperate head and thorax
3) Usually have four pairs of compound eyes
4) No antennae
5) Respiration through organs known as book lungs |
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Term
| Name the 5 characteristics of phylum Arthropoda (insects). |
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Definition
1) An Exoskeleton
2) Body Segmentation
3) Jointed Appendages
4) A ventral nervous system
5) An open circulatory system |
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Term
| Name the 4 characteristics of class Insecta. |
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Definition
1) Three pairs of walking or jumping legs
2) Usually have wings at some stage of their life
3) One pair of antennae
4) Three segments: head, thorax, abdomen |
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Term
Naem the characteristics of the following orders:
Lepidoptera (Butterflies and moths)
Hymenoptera (Ants, bees, and wasps)
Coleoptera (Beetles)
Diptera (Flies, gnats, and mosquitos)
Orthoptera (Grasshoppers and Crickets) |
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Definition
Lepidoptera- scaled wings
Hymenoptera- membranous wings, stingers
Coleoptera- Horny wings, often have horns or extended mandibles
Diptera- membranous wings, have no stingers, mouths pierce or suck
Orthoptera- leather-like wings, have a pair of legs that are larger than the other two, use these legs for jumping |
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Term
What does oviparous mean?
ovoviviparous?
viviparous? |
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Definition
Oviparous- Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female's body
Ovoviviparous- Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female's body
Viviparous- Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta. |
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Term
| What is the primary respiratory organ of amphibians? |
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Definition
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Term
How many chambers of heart are in mammals?
birds?
reptiles?
amphibians? |
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Definition
Mammals-4
Birds-4
Reptiles-most have 3
Amphibians-3 |
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Term
| Name some differences between a monocot and a dicot. |
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Definition
Number of cotyledons
Pollen structure
Number of flower parts
Leaf veins
Stem vascular arrangement
Root development |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigments that have different colors, depending on the pH of the leaf tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant's response to a stimulus such that the direction of the response is preprogrammed and not dependent on the direction of the stimulus. |
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Term
What is phototropism?
gravitropism?
thigmotropism? |
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Definition
Phototrophism- A growth in response to light
Gravitropism- A growth in response to gravity
Thigmotropism- A growth in response to touch |
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Term
Does water go up or down the xylem?
The phloem? |
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Definition
Up the xylem
Down the phloem |
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Term
| What are non-placental mammals? |
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Definition
Mammals that lack a placenta.
Platypus
Echidna |
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