Term
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Definition
involves two different cells usually from two parents
more complex organisms reproduce this way |
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| new individuals originate from single parent. That parent divides into two (or more), or new individuals arise as buds from parent's body |
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Definition
| plants reproduce asexually from buds |
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Definition
| Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on another one. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. |
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Definition
| In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organs, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. |
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Definition
cells which unite (in sexual reproduction) to form new individual.
Differ in appearance from other cells of body and contain fewer genes.
Two types of gametes: Sperm cells and egg cells |
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Definition
Egg cell
Larger than sperm cell. It addition to its nucleus contains reserve food supply.
Is mainly differences in size and function of gametes which defines sex. Organism (or part of one) which produces ova is called femail |
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Definition
One of two gametes. Sperm cells produced by males, usually quite small.
Consists of little more than a nucleus, a tail that can move the cell about, and an energy generator in its mitochondria |
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Definition
Process by which cell is released from surface of ovary
production of gametes in females begins in embryo. Certain diploid cells of newly formed ovary enter meiosis. This first cell division interrupted and remains suspended until woman enters puberty. The potential ova remain in prophase I then, at montly intervals, one cell will resume meiosis. This potential ovum continues into Meiosis II where the process stops once more. Ovulation |
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Definition
| process by which sperm and ovum unite |
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Definition
Each new fertilized egg
zygote joins together the two gametes |
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Definition
| complex organisms develop from single cell which divides forming embryo |
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| As embryo grows, cells increas in number and become more different during developmen. Proccess is called differentiation. Human being may form some 200 different kinds of cells by differentiation--each has a specialized function |
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| series of events in which nucleus reproduces |
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Part of cell division
Toward end of mitosis, the cytosol (with its organelles) divides. |
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Term
| diploid number --2n number |
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Definition
| The total number of chromosomes in the zygote, and in all body cells of an individual. |
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| haploid number--monoploid number--N Number |
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Definition
each gamete contains one set of chromosomes--this set is the haploid or N number of chromosomes.
Each gamete is a haploid cell |
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Definition
| Cell division process by which chromosome number reduced to one half the total (2N to N) and permits reproduction to occur |
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Definition
| is an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis (pachytene) in a process called synapsis. |
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Definition
genes of cell organized into long strands
visible only during nuclear division
contain basic function of cell/control center of cell |
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Definition
nucleus contains most of genes, organized into long strands called chromosomes.
Genes control basic function of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| total genetic content of chromosome of cell |
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Term
| homologs (homologous chromosomes) |
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Definition
each member of chromosome pair
(in other words, a pair of chromosomes consists of two homologs that are similar in appearance; they also usually contain the same kinds of genes) |
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Definition
| A pair of homologous chromosomes during synapsis (prophase I of meiosis). A tetrad consists of four chromatids. |
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Definition
chromasome has two chromatids
one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). They are called chromatids so long as they are joined by the centromeres. When they separate (during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis), the strands are called sister chromatids. |
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Definition
| organ which produces gametes in animals |
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| testes, penis (located outside body) |
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Definition
| special duct through which sperm cells move during sexual excitement |
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Definition
vas deferens (which carries sperm from epididymis to penis) tied and cut to prevent reproduction
(male birth control) |
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Term
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Definition
| whitish fluid which contains secretions of male glands as well as hundreds of millions of sperm |
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Definition
| the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, the urethra, and two sphincter muscles. |
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Definition
| tube through which urine is discharged |
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Term
| female reproductive system |
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Definition
| contains two main parts: uterus and ovaries. These parts are internal |
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Definition
| short tube which serves as passageway through which ova travel on way to uterus |
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Definition
muscular organ that protects and nourishes new individual while it develops.
Embryo attaches to inner lining of uterus where it remains and grows during pregnancy |
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Definition
| muscular passageway that connects utuerus to the outside |
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Definition
fallopian tubes are severed and sealed or "pinched shut" to prevent reproduction
(female birth control) |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of blood and tissue from uterus each month. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that influence other organs and travel in the blood to all parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| female hormone in follicle which stimulates inner lay of the uterus before an ovum is released |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone which helps maintain thick layer of uterus for two weeks after ovum released, enough time for an embryo to attach itself to uterus wall. If egg not fertilized, thick layer disintegrates (menstruation) |
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Definition
hormone
n men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass and hair growth.
In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-being as well as the prevention of osteoporosis
On average, an adult human male body produces about ten times more testosterone than an adult human female body, but females are more sensitive to the hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain and ovarian hormone initiate regular monthly cycle |
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Definition
"yellow body"
follicle cells which fill follicle cavity after ovum released |
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Term
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Definition
| small oblong sac of cells on the surface of the ovary |
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Definition
water-conducting structure
complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. |
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Definition
| waxy covering which enables plants to absorb and hold water |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy covering which enables plants to absorb and hold water |
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Definition
| slit-like openings in the surface of the leaves of vascular plants which permit carbon dioxide to leave or enter the plant |
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Definition
| transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. |
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Definition
conducts sugars produced during photosynthesis to all parts of the plant
(xylem and phloem permit vascular plants to grow taller than nonvascular plants and thus to capture more sunlight.) |
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Term
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Definition
| green, leaflike structures underneath flower (like buttercup) which protect and cover other parts of flower |
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Term
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Definition
| leaflike in shape, but not green, which hold male reproductive structures (stamen) |
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Term
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Definition
| ring of male reproductive structures found inside circle of petals in flower |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged tip at end of stamen |
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Definition
| female reproductive structure found in the center of the flower |
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Definition
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Definition
one or many small structures in the base of the pistil (the ovary)
Meiosis occurs in a special cell in each ovule, resulting in the formation of four haploid cells, the female spores |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of pollen from the stames to the pistil, either between flowers of the same plant of between flowers of different plants of the same species |
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Definition
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Definition
| special structures in seed plants which hold sperm. Pollen grains may be blown by wind or carried by animals from one flower to another. Efficient means of transferring sperm to egg under dry conditions. |
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Definition
one of two types of gametes
consists of nucleus, a tail that can move the cell about, and an energy generator in its mitochondria |
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Definition
| One of the structural units of a pistil, representing a modified, ovule-bearing leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| The style of a pistil is the tube-like portion between the stigma and the ovary. It can be either long or short. In some cases the style is responsible for self incompatibility, causing pollen tubes to fail. |
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Term
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Definition
a thin finger of tissue
The pollen tube of most seed plants acts as a conduit to transport sperm cells |
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Term
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Definition
tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein.
a mass of food-storing cells
endosperm is triploid, having three sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| sturdy, protective coating around embryo and endosperm which is formed from ovule tissues |
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Definition
| a structure of a plant that contains its seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a flower has both stamen and a carpel(pistil) in which the species is self fertile and the stamens and the sticky stigma of the carpel contact each other in order to accomplish pollination. |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower by the action of wind, insects, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue;
all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. Typical examples of conifers include cedars, Douglas-firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces |
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Term
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Definition
| These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
single-access key
key where the sequence and structure of identification steps is fixed by the author of the key |
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Term
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Definition
Theodor Schwann first proposed.
3 main ideas:
1) cells are the units of structure in living organisms
2) cells are the units of function in living organisms
3) all new cells come from cells that already exist |
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Term
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Definition
| little organs within cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the most obvious organelle, a rounded body inside cell |
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Term
| nuclear membrane/envelope |
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Definition
| a double membrane surrounding nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
the network (or reticulum) within the the plasm --or living substance-- of the cell.
Called ER for short |
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Term
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Definition
large numbers of tiny bodies along the membranes of the ER
Proteins are made on the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
important organelle in plant cells which contains pigment--chlorophyll--for capturing the light energy of the sun.
Have more complex structure than mitochondria
In these membranes photosynthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
powerhouses of the cell
rounded structures about as large as bacterial cells. onsist of two layers of membranes. Function is to release energy from nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
store and transport nutrients and waste products in plant cells
occupy as much as 95 % of cell's volume |
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Term
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Definition
| helps package cell products for export from cell |
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Term
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Definition
| vsicles which contain digestive enzymes to help break down large molecules and worn-out cell parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Materials synthesized on ER are transferred to saclike structures that are formed by membranes of Golgi complex. These are then packaged in tiny secretory vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny tubes composed of proteins organized in a complex network that forms cell's skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| tubular structures present in cells of animals and protists, made up of microtobules; present in paris and play an important role in mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of disease in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth through division beyond normal limits |
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Term
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Definition
| having a nucleus or nucleii |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two basic chemical reactions in living cells in which compounds are built up (ex oxygen and hydrogen combine to form water/sodium and chlorine combine to form salt) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
organism which contain from dozens to billions of cells
in a large animal (such as human) are at least 200 different types of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse of plasmolysis--occurs if the cell is in a hypotonic solution resulting in a higher external osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms wandering from place of high concentration to low |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in concentration between two places |
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Definition
| when a substance is able to pass through a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| when a membrane does not permit substances to pass through at all |
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Definition
| important method cell uses to transport substances which are too large to pass through a membrane or for some other reason can't get through. (example is seen in root cells of plants and the way they can get minerals from soil) |
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Term
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Definition
substance in which other substances can dissolve
(ex. water) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a solvent through a plasma membrane when the concentrations of substances are different on its two sides |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion". |
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Term
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Definition
| passive transport is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane, which, in turn, is dependent on the organization and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins. The four main kinds of passive transport are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| solution of same strength |
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Term
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Definition
animal cells, a hypertonic environment forces water to leave the cell so that the shape of the cell becomes distorted and wrinkled
A hypertonic solution is a solution having a greater solute concentration than the cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypotonic solution is a solution having a lesser solute concentration than the cytosol. It contains a lesser concentration of impermeable solutes on the external side of the membrane. When a cell’s cytoplasm is bathed in a hypotonic solution the water will be drawn out of the solution and into the cell by osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of elaborating, releasing, and oozing chemicals, or a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast to excretion, the substance may have a certain function, rather than being a waste product. |
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Term
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Definition
| water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) of a cell imposes upper limits on size, as the volume increases much faster than does the surface area, thus limiting the rate at which substances diffuse from the interior across the cell membrane to interstitial spaces or to other cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indeed, representing a cell as an idealized sphere of radius r, the volume and surface area are, respectively, V = 4/3 π r3; SA = 4 π r2. The resulting surface area to volume ratio is therefore 3/r. Thus, if a cell has a radius of 1 μm, the SA:V ratio is 3; whereas if the radius of the cell is instead 10 μm, then the SA:V ratio becomes 0.3. With a cell radius of 100, SA:V ratio is 0.03. Thus, the surface area falls off steeply with increasing volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle fibers are the structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| when chromosome strands have reached their shortest length and move to the center of the cell in the process of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| when centromeres divide and chromosome strands separate. THey are pulled in opposite directions along the spindle toward the two poles of the dividing cell. |
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Term
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Definition
final stage of mitosis
Chromosomes gather at the poles. Two new nuclear envelopes form, surrounding each gr oup of chromosomes. Thus two new nuclei are formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| special region of the chromosome that holds the strands together |
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Term
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Definition
first stage of mitosis
long, compared to other stages
chromosome strands slowly being to coild
nuclear envelope begins to disappear
in the cytosol, centrioles have duplicated and started moving to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of cell division toward the end of mitosis when the cytosol, with its organelles, divides |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried.[1][2][3] The presence of a nucleus gives eukaryotes their name, which comes from the Greek ευ (eu, "good") and κάρυον (karyon, "nut" or "kernel"). Most eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and the Golgi apparatus. All species of large complex organisms are eukaryotes, |
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Term
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Definition
a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles.
divided into two domains: the bacteria and the archaea
Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four basic shapes are:[14]
* Cocci - spherical
* Bacilli - rod shaped
* Spirochaete - spiral shaped
* Vibrio - comma shaped |
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Definition
| a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| core of atom containing positively charged particles (protons) |
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Term
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Definition
| positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| uncharged particles in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively charged particles rapidly orbiting the atomic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
example-sodium |
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Term
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Definition
forces that hold atoms together in a molecule
A chemical bond is the attraction caused by the electromagnetic force between opposing charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. |
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Term
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Definition
One of two types of chemical reactions in living cells (the other being synthesis)
Compounds broken down
examples : digestion of foods |
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Term
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Definition
| more hydrogen ions remain than hydroxide ions |
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Term
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Definition
single proton
hydrogen atom which hs lost is only electron |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen atom, hydrogen atom, extra electron |
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Term
| hydrogen and hydroxide ions |
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Definition
| involved in most of the reactions that occur in organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| more hydroxide than hydrogen ions remain |
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Term
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Definition
| more hydroxide than hydrogen ions remain |
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Term
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Definition
measure of hydrogen ions level of solution
scale ranges from 0-14
ph of 7= neutral
As hydrogen ion level rises, solution more acidic and pH drops.
pH2=highly acidic
pH above 7 = basic |
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Term
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Definition
| Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms thrive only in a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood. |
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Term
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Definition
substance that promotes chemical reaction
catalysts make it possible for reactions to occur at rates high enough to sustain life |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized and highly specific catalysts present in organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a green pigment that gives plants their color and absorbs light energy |
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Term
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Definition
adenosine triphosphate
most important of several energy-transfer compounds found in all organisms
chemical energy stored here
"small change"
ex: energy released during respiration is temporarily transferred to ATP
carrier of chemical energy in cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the remaining molecule when each ATP releases a bit of energy and a phosphate group is broken off |
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Term
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Definition
important energy-storing complounds, form part of cell structure
Sugars produced in photosynthesis and used in respiration |
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Term
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Definition
important energy-storing compounds and form part of cell structure
oils and fats (example) |
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Term
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Definition
serve as enzymes and form part of the cell structure
ex: meat |
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Term
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Definition
hereditary or genetic material for all organisms
coordinate the activities of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| major building material in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which carbon is passed from one organism to another, then to the abiotic community, and finally back to plants |
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Term
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Definition
simple sugars (ex glucose and fructose)
sugars that contain only seven or fewer carbon atoms in each molecule |
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Term
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Definition
sucrose
built with two simple sugar units |
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Term
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Definition
compounds with many sugar subunits linked together
ex: starch |
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Term
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Definition
| a waxy steroid metabolite found in the cell membranes and transported in the blood plasma of all animals.[2] It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes, where it is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. In addition, cholesterol is an important component for the manufacture of bile acids, steroid hormones, and fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| the subunit of a protein molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| two amino acids linked together |
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Term
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Definition
| three amino acids linked together |
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Term
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Definition
a long chain of amino acids
(some proteins are made of two or more polypeptides bonded together) |
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Term
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
kind of nucleic acid present in all cells and vital to cell function
information stored here controls all cell activities and determines genetic characteristics of cell and organism |
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Term
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Definition
ribonucleic acid
present in all cells and vital to cell function
required for the synthesis of proteins, including enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth, a closed (apart from solar and cosmic radiation) and self-regulating system |
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Term
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Definition
| people who study the biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| study of living and nonliving parts of the environment and how they affect organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| scientists who study ecology |
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Term
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Definition
organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
ex: bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
use light energy to make their own food
ex: green plants, raspberry bush |
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Term
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Definition
cannot make own food, so must eat plants or other animals or both
ex: animals |
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Term
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Definition
consumers that break down the bodies of dead plants and animals int eh process of decay
ex: bacteria and mushrooms |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the various organisms--decomposers, consumers, producers--living and interacting in one place |
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Term
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Definition
interrelationships among producers, consumers
rabbit eats raspberries from bush, and fox eats rabbit (ex) |
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Term
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Definition
all the food chains in a community joined together
the web of life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
energy from food released withing your cells in a complex series of chemical reactions
this energy used to grow and develop |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbtion of light energy from sun and conversion to chemical energy of sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| matter made of a single kind of atom--most elements occur as molecules which are usually a combination of two or more atoms |
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Term
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Definition
matter that has more than one kind of atom, chemically combined
ex: plants and animals are made up of many different compounds |
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Term
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Definition
contain no carbon at all or just one carbon atom per molecule
ex: carbon dioxide, water
have only small amounts of chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| organic substance that an organism can break down to get energy for growth, maintenance and repair. Food is also matter that can e used to build the structure of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| * a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond. Single hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but many hydrogen bonds can be very strong |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain of a protein |
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| chain of amino acids folds or twists to form a local structures |
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| more complex folding of polypeptide chain |
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| the major force controlling how a protein folds |
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| is the initial cell formed when a new organism is produced by means of sexual reproduction. |
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| early cell divisions in animal embryos |
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| the hollow-ball stage of development |
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| when one side of blastula has pushed in and there is s second layer of cells which is inside the embryo and lines the new cavity just formed. New cavity will become digestive system |
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| Three cell layers which give rise to all the different tissues of the body. They contain the "germ" or potential for future development. |
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| outer layer of cells in the early gastrula |
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inner layer of cells which gives rise to the very inner sturctures of the body.
ex. cells that line the internal organs, such as intestines, lungs and various glands come from endoderm |
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remaining structures come from middle skin, mesoderm.
These organs make up most of the mass of the body.
The muscular system, circulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system and most of the digestive system come from this layer |
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| hollow ball of cells in spongy tissue of uterus |
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| a membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo |
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| is a part of a developing animal conceptus (which consists of all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues). It helps the embryo exchange gases and handle liquid waste. |
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| is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. |
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functions to nourish the embryo as it develops,
morphs from blastocyst |
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fingers of cells from chorion sent to wall of uterus
villi supplied iwth tiny blood vessels from developing circulatory system of embryo |
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| is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. |
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| flexible cord between embryo and placenta consisting of membranes and blood vessels. |
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| tissues grouped together in a special arrangement to do a particular job |
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several organs related in a general function
ex: digestive system |
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| sample of amniotic fluid which is removed to test the embryo for biochemical or chromosome abnormalities |
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| embryo after 12 weeks (first trimester) |
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| the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. |
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| the portion of chemical energy that is available to do work |
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raw materials
needed to make complex molieculse and to increase cellular organization during growth |
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| is an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth.[1] This contrasts with autotrophs, such as plants and algae, which can use energy from sunlight (photoautotrophs) or inorganic compounds (lithoautotrophs) to produce organic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from inorganic carbon dioxide. |
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| an organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis). They are the producers in a food chain, such as plants on land or algae in water. T |
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| autotrophs capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
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| organisms (usually plants) that carry out photosynthesis to acquire energy. |
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| is the biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules (e.g. hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis |
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| autotrophs and heterotrophs carry out chemical reactions that release the free energy of organic compounds |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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| energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form. |
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| law of conservation of energy |
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| total energy of the universe is constant |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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| systems tend to change in a way that increases the disorder (entropy) |
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| process of decomposition which removes electrons from molecule |
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digestion that takes place outside the cells
done by most animals/humans |
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digestion which takes place inside the cells with food plant has made itself.
most plant digestion |
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| watery secretion containing digestive enzymes which being chemical digestion |
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| trapdoor-like tissue that prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea (or airway) |
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| wavelike contractions of the muscles of the esophagus which move food to the stomach |
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| hormone in the stomach stimulated by food |
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| active protein-digesting enzyme in stomach |
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| origin of life hypotheses |
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1. Life originated on some planet of another star and traveled to Earth through space (if life came to earth from someplace else, we still must explain how it originated in that other location)
2. Life originated by unknown means on Earth (the earliest life may have been very different from today's organisms. Because no such remains have been found of those early organisms, their detection is extremely difficult)
3. Life evolved from nonliving substances through interaction with the environment (Organisms are chemical systems that maintain themselves and undergo biological evolution. These characteristics of organisms originated from complex chemical changes through time, or chemical evolution. Because the chemical principles at work then still apply, we can study those changes now, in nature and the laboratory.) |
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posits that life
(organic molecules) could have formed from inorganic molecules. In other
words, life could have formed without requiring a 'divine nudge' and without
having to come from another planet. Much research has been conducted to
explain how (and if) life could spontaneously form. The general theme is
that components of earth's atmosphere could form into complex organic
molecules, which could then assemble into more complex groupings, which
eventually would become life. |
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| layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria (commonly known as blue-green algae).[1] They include some of the most ancient records of life on Earth. |
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| anaerobic bacteria that obtain energy by using carbon dioxid to oxidize hydrogen |
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| is close and often long-term interactions between different biological species |
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| any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism, i.e. forming an endosymbiosis (Greek: ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn "together" and βίωσις biosis "living"). Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia) which live in root nodules on legume roots, single-celled algae inside reef-building corals, and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. |
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| According to this theory, certain organelles originated as free-living bacteria that were taken inside another cell as endosymbionts. Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria (in particular, Rickettsiales or close relatives) and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria. |
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