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| a chemical compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen |
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| the atoms that form the chemically reactive part of an organic molecule |
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| a giant molecule in a living organism. ex: proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. |
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| a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain |
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| a chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer |
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| a chemical process in which a polymer forms when monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules |
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| a chemical process in which macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers |
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| the smallest kind of sugar molecule; a single unit sugar; building blocks of more complex sugars and polysaccharides |
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| one or two or more molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and thus different properties |
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| a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction |
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| a carbohydrate polymer consisting of many monosaccharides (sugars) linked by covalent bonds |
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| a storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of glucose |
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| a complex, extensively branched polysaccharide made up of many glucose monomers; serves as energy-storage molecule in liver and muscle cells |
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| a large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide support in plant cell walls |
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| an organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds therefore mosty hydrophobic and insoluble in water |
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| a dietary fat, which consists of a molecule of glycerol linked to three molecule of fatty acid |
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| carbohydrate chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds |
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| hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bonds |
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| the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by the addition of hydrogen |
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| an unsaturated fatty acid produced by the partial hydrogneation of vegetable oils and present in hardened vegetable oils, most margarines, commercial baked foods, and many fried foods |
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| a type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings: three 6 sided rings and one 5 sided ring |
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| one of several chemically similar sex hormones secreted by the gonads. maintains the female reproductive system and promotes the development of female body features |
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| a biological polymer constructed from amino acid monomers |
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| an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain; serves as the monomer of proteins |
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| the covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction between two amino acids |
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| a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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| (protein) primary structure |
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| a proteins primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain |
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| (protein) secondary structure |
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| certain stretches of the polypeptide form local patterns that are reinforced by hydrogen bonds along the backbone |
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| (protein) tertiary structure |
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| the overall three dimensional shape of the polypeptide, reinforced by chemical bonds |
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| (protein) quaternary structure |
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| proteins with two or more polypeptide chains, results from bonds between the chains |
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| an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds O2 and transports it to body tissues |
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| a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process. |
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| a process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific conformation and hence function; also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by simiar factors |
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| a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities. |
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| an organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. |
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