Term
| the process by which a single cell (mother) divides to form two new cells (daughters) |
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Definition
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Term
| Give 5 reasons as to why cells divide? |
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Definition
| reproduction, growth, development, repair/replace and immune response |
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Term
| what cells in adult humans don't/can't divide? |
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Definition
| nerve cells and muscle cells |
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Term
| the _______ refers to the life cycle of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
| the period of time between the formation of a cell (birth) and when it divides into two new cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two types of cell cycles. |
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Definition
| prokaryotic cell cycle and eukaryotic cell cycle |
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Term
| prokaryotes are the same thing as |
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Definition
| bacteria (prokaryotes = bacteria) |
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Term
| are single-celled organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| the process by which prokaryotes reproduce |
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Definition
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Term
| cell division is equal to |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 steps in the process of binary fission: |
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Definition
| 1. Chromosome is copied (DNA), 2. The bacterial cell elongates, 3. The parent cell divides in 2 identical cells |
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Term
| Name the 5 stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle |
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Definition
| G1 (Gap 1 phase) S (DNA synthesis phase) G2 (Gap 2 phase) M (mitotic phase) Go (resting place) |
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Term
| Name the 3 stages of interphase. |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase fits this description: High rate of biosynthetic activity. All of the molecules (proteins) necessary for DNA replication are produced |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for G1 checkpoint? |
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Definition
| restriction point (here the cell checks and makes sure it is ready to move on to the S phase. If it is not it will go into Go. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in Go are active and functioning, just not reproducing |
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Term
| What phase fits this description: All of the cells DNA (chromosomes) are copied. Sister chromatids are formed. |
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Definition
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Term
| The copy of the _________ remains _________ to the original |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase fits this description: The cell prepares for division. Organelles are doubled |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two distinct events that the M phase is divided into |
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Definition
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Term
| a structure composed of centrioles and microtubules (asters) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the centrosome? |
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Definition
| to synthesize the Mitotic spindle |
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Term
| structure composed of 2 different types of microtubule fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two types of microtubules in the Mitotic spindle |
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Definition
| Kinetochore (attached to chromosomes) and Non-kinetochore (not attached to the chromosome) |
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Term
| What are the functions of microtubule fibers? |
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Definition
| To separate sister chromatids and to push the poles of the cell farther apart. |
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Term
| Name the five stages of Mitosis |
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Definition
| (the same in all eukaryotic cells) Prophase, pro-metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
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Term
| Name the key events of Prophase |
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Definition
| Chromosomes become visible, Centrosomes form and move towards the poles, Mitotic spindle begins to develop, and the nucleolus disappears |
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Term
| Name the key events of Pro-metaphase |
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope disappears, Centrosomes reach the poles, Spindle is complete, Kinetochore fibers develop, and Kinetochore Microtubules attach to Kinetochore Fibers |
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Term
| Name the key events of Metaphase |
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Definition
| Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate (equator), Centrosomes align directly on plate, and Sister chromatids straddle the plate |
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Term
| Name the key events of Anaphase |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles, and Chromatids are now considered chromosomes |
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Term
| Name the key events of Telophase |
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Definition
| The last stage of mitosis. Nuclear envelop reforms, Spindle disappears, Chromosomes revert to chromatin, and Nucleolus reforms |
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Term
| What is cytokinesis in animal cells? |
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Definition
| Separate from mitosis. Characterized by division of the cytoplasm. 2 key structures: cleavage furrow and contractile ring. |
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Term
| What is cytokinesis in plant cells? |
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Definition
| Separate from mitosis. CHaracterized by division of the cytoplasm. Key structure: cell plate |
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Term
| Mitosis is the division of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the key structures in Mitosis |
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Definition
| Centrosome and Mitotic spindle |
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Term
| chromatid number during anaphase |
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Definition
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Term
| chromosome number during anaphase |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do cells divide Because smaller cells are better than bigger cells because: |
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Definition
1. Easier to transport substances across a smaller cell than a bigger cell
2. Size of the cell impacts ability of instructions for cellular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| when it reaches its size limit |
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Term
| Two major stages of cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell reaches its size limit, what does it do |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the output each time when one cell is put in? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does the cell cycle take? It can vary depending on the type of cell that is dividing. |
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Definition
| Can take 8 min up to a year |
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Term
| How long does a normal animal cell division take? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell is growing and developing Makes new proteins and organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens at interphase |
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Definition
| Cell grows, carries out cellular functions and prepares to divide |
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Term
| What is longest phase of cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| S phase "Synthesis Phase" |
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Term
| Cell is making organelles and molecules needed in cell division |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Mitosis and Cytokinesis related |
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Definition
| Both create two daughter cells that are genetically identical |
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Term
| Example of organelles needed in cell division? |
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Definition
| centrioles, spindle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Division of cytoplasm in animal and plant cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Structure that forms in Animal cells that make it separate |
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Definition
| Cleavage furrow- formed by microtubules and microfilaments are used to pinch in the cell membrane until two daughter cells result |
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Term
| Structure in Plant cells that forms two divide the cell |
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Definition
| Cell plate, which forms between the two duaghter nuclei and eventually develops into the cell membrane and cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase |
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Term
longest phase of mitosis
Chromosomes become visible
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
Spindle fibers begin to form between poles
Not present in plants
Nuclear membrane/nucleolus break down |
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Definition
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Term
Shortest phase of mitosis
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
Chromosomes randomly line up at center of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Centromere split Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends. Ends when the movement of chromatids stops |
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Definition
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Term
Chromosomes uncoil
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform
Spindles and centrioles break apart |
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Definition
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Term
| structure that contains genetic information(usually visible only in mitosis) |
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Definition
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Term
| two genetically identical parts of a chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| the middle part of the chromosome that holds together the sister chromatids |
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Definition
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Term
| the genetic material that makes up the chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells |
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Definition
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Term
| developed the spindle fibers for cell division |
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Definition
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Term
| Controls that regulate cell cycle |
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Definition
| start/stopping the cell cycle, DNA replication, protein synthesis, nuclear division |
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Term
| how many chromosomes in human cell |
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Definition
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Term
| unspecialized cells that can develop into a wide variety of specialized cells under the right conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| What starts the processes of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| When a particular cyclin protein binds to a specific cyclin-dependent kinase |
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Term
| What happens when there is no response to normal cell cycle control mechanisms |
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Definition
| uncontrolled growth and division of cells can occur resulting in cancer |
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Term
| How do cancer cells kill organisms |
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Definition
| by crowding out normal cells which makes a loss of tissue function |
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Term
| Where does the nutrients for cancer come from |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substance that is known to cause cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| examples where you can get cancer from |
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Definition
| smoking, sun rays, drugs, radiation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What can apoptosis help protect against |
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Definition
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Term
| have potential to develop into any type of human cell when place in the proper environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Have potential to develop into new cells of the same type as the tissue from which they were taken |
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Definition
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Term
| What do normal cells do when they come into contact with other cells? |
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Definition
| They rapidly produce more cells until a single layer is formed |
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Term
| What happens when cells are removed from the layer of cells in the Petri Dish |
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Definition
| Cells replace removed cells; division stops when a single layer is repaired |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is no response to normal cell cycle control mechanisms which lead to uncontrolled growth and division of cells can occur |
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Term
| What increases as the cell becomes larger |
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Definition
| Volume increases at the same time as surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA mutations, carcinogen, tobacco, radiation, abestros |
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Term
| if 22 chromosomes have daughter cells, how many chromosomes will the daughter cells have? |
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Definition
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Term
| set of maternal chromosomes and one set of paternal chromosomes that pair up with each other during meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the check points for the cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| What help pulls away chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cells divide in prokaryotes |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 types of cells that can divide |
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Definition
| stem cells, skin cells, intestinal lining |
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Term
| 3 types of cells that cannot divide |
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Definition
| Nerve cells, blood cells, and brain cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is p53 help battle cancer |
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Definition
| its a gene that suppress tumor. Opposite of cyclin. It tells cell not to reproduce cancer |
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