Why Study Biology?

Medicine

Agriculture

Environment

Aesthtic - Beauty

What are the Freshwater Provinces?

Lakes

Streams

Wetlands

Lakes are...

still standing

Streams...

flow

Wetlands are...

Soggy Soil

What are the Oceanic Provinces?

Benthic

Pelagic

Benthic means...

Bottom

Pelagic Means...

Free Floating

Intertidal Zone

a benthic dominated area

Estuary

shallow edge habitat - most important for new organisms in the ocean they are

needed to populate the sea

Coral Reef

a very productive coastal zone

they only occur in shallow water

Coral reefs are equivalent to what in production of diversity?

Tropical Rainforests

Rule of the Tinkerer

Saving things because we don't know what it is or whta it is used for

Anaerobic Repiration

Burning food without oxygen

Lactate Fermentation

When lactose ferments

(yogurt, cheese, sore muscle etc...)

Alcoholic Fermentation

the reason bread rises

In what order do carbohydrates, sugars and

fats burn?

1) Carbohydrates

2) sugars

3)fats

What are the four trophic levels?

1) Primary Producers

2) primary consumers (herbivores)

3) secondary consumers (carnivores)

4) Tertiary Consumers

What are the three ecological pyramids?

Pyramid of Numbers

Pyramid of biomass

Pyramid of energy

Key Stone Species

a species that is disproportionally importatnt in its ecosystem

Two examples of a keystone species

Sea Otters

Driver Ants

Bombadier Beetle

a beetle that explodes hydrogen peroxide out of

its anus

Assembly Rule #1

food chains are short: much filed work reveals taht food webs have the chains in five or fewer links - the ends of food chains are easy to identify

Assembly Rule #2

The number of links does not gorw larger as the size of the community grows larger

What are the most abundant/redundant species?

ones that are in the middle of the food chain

As the number of species increases, What else also increases?

The number of interactions

What could happen if one species is

taken away?

 Everything will fall apart

It will heal

Nothing much at all

The food chain would change

A new species would evolve

It would change the balance of things

DNA:

genetic information that takes part in four

different process

What are the four process that DNA takes

place in?

Replication

Transcription

Translation

Regulation

Replication

happens in the nucleus

multiplies DNA in exact copies then uses them for complete reproduction

Transcription

happens in the nucleus

take sthe information in DNA and turns it into RNA that moves form the nucleus to the cytoplasm,where protein synthesis occurs -

same language, different use

Translation

Happens in cytoplasm

Changes RNA to protein 

What are the four players in Translation?

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Ribosome with rRNA

Polypeptide Chain: produt becomes a protein

Gene

A length of DNA

How many genes do we have in our body?

20-30,000

If we stretched out the DNA in just one cell in our bodies how long would it be?

Roughly 6 Feet Tall

In every human body there are...

body cells and sex cells

Mutation

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

What is the original source of all new alleles and ultimately the diversity of life?

Mutation

What are the Four types of mutation?

Substitution

Insertion

Deletion

Trasposable Elements

Substitution

a mutation where you go to one spot of the DNA

and change one base for another

Insertion

stretch apart the DNA put another base in there and match it up with another one

Deletion

a form of mutation where you remove a base

Transposabe Elements

take multiple bases at once and move it to another place of the DNA

What are the Causes of Mutation?

Spontaneous

Environmental

What are some examples of Environmental

Mutation?

Ultraviolet Radiation

Ionizing Radiation (Nuclear Radiation)

Natural Chemicals

Synthetic Chemicals

What are the two processes of Cell Division?

Mitosis and Meiosis

Chromosome Number

sum total of chromosomes in a cell is diploid, 2n, if each cell has 2 of each type of chromosome and it's haploid cel lif each cell has only one of each type of chromosome

Mitosis

stresses uniformity, exact copies, clones, maintians chromosome number. can be diploid or haploid, but doesn't change from one to the other

Meiosis

allows for variety, maintains correct number, but halves the chromosome number (reduces diploid to haploid) only occurs in sex cells

In Meiosis 1

Homologous chromosomes separate

Prophase

homologous chromosome pair and exchange segments 

Metaphase

tetrads line up

Anaphase

pairs of homologous chromosomes split up

Telophase and Cytokenesis

Two diploid Cells form - chromosomes are

still double 

What do you end up with at the end of

meiosis 1?

Two haploid cells

Meiosis 2

sister chromatids separate - 4 haploid daughter

cells result containing single chromosomes

What are the Sources of Variation?

Gene Mutation

Crossing Over

Independent assortment

Fertilization

Change in chromosome number or structure

What does the diversity of life as we

know it hinge on?

Reproduction (continuity and increase)

How do we measure success in biology?

when a species survives and reproduces

Continuity

fights extinction and continues a species

Increase

Have to produce more in order to survive - safety in numbers

What are the two types of Reproduction?

Asexual and Sexual

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction without sexual interaction

Once Asexual organisms find a good

habitat they...

can fill the habitat quickly

What are the results of Asexual Reproduction?

unity, similarity and sameness

Examples of Asexual organisms

E-coli

Aspens

Dandelions

Aphids 

Human Cells

Results of Sexual Reproduction

Diversity, continuity and increase -

mix up, shuffle the variations, create new combinations - diversity, variation and uniqueness

Abiotic

non living

How much solar energy is used by

living organisms?

less than 1%

Ecosystem

the biotic community and its abiotic environment ...or...

an association of organisms and their physical environment, interconnected by an ongoing flow of energy and cycling of meterials through it.

Eutrophication

too much of a good thing